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Biology Paper 2 > Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

Exchange and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

volume and surface area relationship

A

the larger the organism is, the smaller it’s surface area is compared to its volume

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2
Q

Why can substances directly diffuse across a membrane?

A

because they have a large surface area compared to their volume

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3
Q

why is it good to have a large surface area compared to volume?

A

it means enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply the volume of the cell

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4
Q

what is the lungs job?

A

to transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide

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5
Q

how do substances diffuse faster?

A

if there is a bigger difference in concentration

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6
Q

what does the blood arriving at the alveoli contain?

A

lots of CO2 and not much O2

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7
Q

why does it not have a lot of O2?

A

because it has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body

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8
Q

how is the alveoli adapted?

A

moist lining to dissolve gases
good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
very thin walls to minimise distance gases have to move
enormous surface area

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9
Q

what is the other name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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10
Q

what is the job of red blood cells?

A

carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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11
Q

what shape are red blood cells?

A

biconcave disc

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12
Q

what is good about a biconcave disc shape?

A

gives a large surface area to absorb oxygen

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13
Q

why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

allows more room to carry oxygen

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14
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

red pigments in red blood cells which contain iron

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15
Q

how does oxyhaemoglobin get made?

A

when haemoglobin binds with oxygen

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16
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

when white blood cells change shape to engulf unwelcome micro organism

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17
Q

what is another name for a white blood cell?

A

phagocytes

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18
Q

do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

yes

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19
Q

what do platelets do?

A

help blood clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out and stop micro organisms getting in

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20
Q

what are platelets?

A

small fragments of cells with no nucleus

21
Q

what is plasma?

A

liquid that carries everything in blood

22
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

23
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

exchange materials at tissues

24
Q

what do veins do?

A

carry blood to the heart

25
Q

why do arteries have strong walls?

A

because they carry high pressure blood

26
Q

features of an artery

A

thick lumen
thick layers of muscle
elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

27
Q

why are capillaries narrow?

A

so they can squeeze between gaps and get really close to cells to exchange substances

28
Q

why do capillaries have permeable walls?

A

so substances can diffuse in and out

29
Q

why are capillaries walls one cell thick?

A

it increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance which it occurs

30
Q

why do veins have thin walls?

A

because they carry low pressure blood

31
Q

why do veins have bigger lumen?

A

to help the blood flow despite it being low pressure

32
Q

why do veins have valves?

A

to stop backflow of blood

33
Q

what kind of circulatory system does animals have?

A

double

34
Q

what type of blood do veins carry?

A

de oxygenated blood

35
Q

how does the circulatory system work?

A
  • the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
  • oxygenated blood returns to heart
  • oxygenated blood goes to other organs
  • deoxygenated blood returns to heart
36
Q

Right Atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from body

37
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

38
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs

39
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood sound the whole body

40
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right?

A

because it needs more muscle to pump high pressure blood around the whole body

41
Q

how to calculate how much blood is pumped around the whole body?

A

heart rate * stroke volume

42
Q

what is respiration?

A

the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds

43
Q

what type of reaction is respiration and why?

A

exothermic because energy is transferred to the environment

44
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

45
Q

what happens in anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is produced

46
Q

equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

glucose = lactic acid

47
Q

equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

A

glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide

48
Q

what is the energy used for in respiration?

A

metabolic processes
contracting muscles
maintaining steady body temp

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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