Hormones

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

Hormones are chemical substances produced in specialised glands and transported in the blood to stimulate specific cells or organs into action. They are secreted by glands which are collectively known as the endocrine system

Question 3

Gland= Hypothalamus (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 3

• brain
• N.A (noradrenaline)
• stimulates and controls release from pituitary gland

Question 4

Gland= pituitary (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 4

• brain
• anterior (ACTH)
• posterior (Oxytocin)
• stimulates adrenal cortex and release of cortisol during stress repose
• LOVE hormone

Question 5

Gland= Pineal (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 5

• brain
• melatonin
• the sleep/wake cycle and biological rhythms

Question 6

Gland= Thyroid (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 6

• neck
• thyroxine
• responsible for regulating metabolism

Question 7

Gland= Adrenal (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 7

• kidney
• adrenal medulla (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
• adrenal cortex cortisol
• fight or flight
• stimulates release of glucose to provide the body with energy, while suppressing the immune system

Question 8

Gland= Ovaries (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 8

• repetition organ
• Oestrogen
• pregnancy, menstrual cycle

Question 9

Gland= Testes (place in body, hormone released, effect)

Answer 9

• reproductive organs
• Testosterone
• muscle growth, male sex characteristic

Question 10

Explain sudden stress response?

Answer 10

Hint: A H S A M A P

- When you are faced with a threat the amygdala is mobilised (the amygdala associates sensory signals with emotions associated with fight of flight)
- The amygdala then sends a stress signal to the hypothalamus which communicates through the rest of the body through the sympathetic nervous system 
- When the SNS is triggered is prepares the body for the rapid action necessary for fight of flight, it sends a signal through the Adrenal Medulla which responds with releasing the hormone adrenaline into the bloodstream 
- Adrenaline causes the heart to beat faster (pushing blood to the muscles, heart and vital organs), breathing becomes more rapid (in order to take in as much oxygen as possible with each breath). Adrenaline also triggers the release of glucose into the bloodstream which supplied energy to parts of the body so it can react to the threat    When the threat has passed, the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system dampens down the stress response. The PNS slows down the heart beat and reduces blood pressure

Question 11

Explain chronic (ongoing) stress response

Answer 11

• accuse stress response happens
• brain continues to perceive something as threatening, so the second system kicks in called the HPA axis. (Hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands)
• the hypothalamus releases a chemical messenger CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) which is released into the blood stream
• CRH arrives at the pitruaty glands and caused the production and release of ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) into the blood stream
• ACTH arrives t the adrenal glands and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release various stress related hormones including Cortisol
• cortisol causes high energy and lower sensitivity to pain, but also impaired cognitive performance and higher susceptibility to diseases.
• feedback system monitors cortisol levels, so CRH and ACTH production is inhibited if cortisol is too high
• if cycle continues can cause burnout