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MCAT > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of Aldosterone?

A

⬆️ Na+ reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts, ⬆️ K+ and H+ secretion

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body.

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2
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) affect?

A

⬆️ H2O reabsorption in collecting duct, vasoconstriction

ADH is produced in the posterior pituitary and helps in water retention and blood pressure regulation.

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3
Q

What is the primary effect of Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

⬇️ Na+ reabsorption in the kidney, decreased fluid levels, increase GFR

ANP is secreted by heart muscle cells and functions to reduce blood volume and pressure.

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4
Q

What is the role of Cortisol in the body?

A

⬆️ glucose levels ⬇️ inflammatory effects

Cortisol is a steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress.

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5
Q

What is the effect of Epinephrine?

A

Increased glucose, sympathetic nervous system/fight-or-flight response

Epinephrine is produced in the adrenal medulla and prepares the body for rapid response to stress.

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6
Q

What type of hormone is TSH?

A

Peptide

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and regulates the thyroid gland.

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7
Q

What are the stimuli for Aldosterone secretion?

A

⬇️ blood pressure ⬆️osmolarity, angiotensin II

Aldosterone secretion is primarily triggered by factors that indicate a need for sodium retention and blood volume regulation.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the _______.

A

Posterior pituitary

ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.

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9
Q

True or False: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by adrenal cortex.

A

False

ANP is secreted by heart muscle cells, not the adrenal cortex.

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10
Q

What is the structural type of Epinephrine?

A

Amino acid-derived (polar)

Epinephrine is derived from the amino acid tyrosine and is classified as a catecholamine.

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11
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Lowers glucose levels

Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas.

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12
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Raises glucose levels

Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas.

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13
Q

What is the primary stimulus for the release of insulin?

A

Glucose

Insulin release is triggered when blood glucose levels rise.

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14
Q

Which hormone is released in response to stress?

A

Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.

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15
Q

What type of hormone is epinephrine?

A

AA-derived (polar)

Epinephrine is produced in the adrenal medulla.

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16
Q

What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium levels?

A

Increases calcium levels

PTH promotes calcium release from bones and increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys.

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17
Q

What is the structural type of calcitonin?

A

Peptide

Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Cortisol is released from the _______.

A

Adrenal cortex

Cortisol plays a role in stress response and metabolism.

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19
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone (GH)?

A

Increases glucose levels and has systemic effects

GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

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20
Q

True or False: Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels.

A

True

Calcitonin works to lower calcium levels in the blood.

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21
Q

What is the primary effect of glucagon?

A

Increases glucose levels

Glucagon triggers the liver to release stored glucose.

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22
Q

What stimulates the secretion of epinephrine?

A

Stress and other stimuli

Epinephrine is part of the body’s fight-or-flight response.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The adrenal medulla secretes _______ and norepinephrine.

A

Epinephrine

These hormones are involved in the body’s response to stress.

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24
Q

What is the structural type of estrogen?

A

Steroid

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25
Q

What hormone is abbreviated as LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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26
Q

What is the structural type of testosterone?

A

Steroid

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27
Q

What is the structural type of progesterone?

A

Steroid

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28
Q

What is the structural type of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Peptide

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29
Q

What hormone is abbreviated as hCG?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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30
Q

What is the structural type of prolactin?

A

Peptide

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31
Q

What is the structural type of oxytocin?

A

Peptide

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32
Q

What is released by the placenta during pregnancy?

A

hCG

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33
Q

What stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

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34
Q

What is the effect of estrogen in females?

A

Female secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle regulation

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35
Q

What is the effect of testosterone in males?

A

Male secondary sex characteristics

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36
Q

What prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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37
Q

Where is estrogen secreted?

A

Ovaries and to lesser extent the adrenal cortex

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38
Q

Where is testosterone secreted?

A

Testes

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39
Q

Where is progesterone primarily secreted?

A

Ovaries, placenta

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40
Q

Where is FSH secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

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41
Q

What is the primary source of oxytocin secretion?

A

Posterior pituitary

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42
Q

What triggers smooth muscle contraction during labor?

A

Oxytocin

43
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ stimulates uterine contractions during labor.

A

Oxytocin

44
Q

What stimulates the release of oxytocin?

A

Neural signaling (uterine stretching, nipple stimulation)

45
Q

What is the structural type of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Peptide

46
Q

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex activity?

A

Adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)

47
Q

What is the stimulus for Luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

GnRH, ⬇️ estrogen or testosterone, ⬆️ estrogen triggers LH surge

48
Q

What is the effect of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Follicle development, spermatogenesis

49
Q

Where is Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted?

A

Placenta

50
Q

What is the structural type of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Peptide

51
Q

What is the effect of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

⬆️ TSH

52
Q

What is the location of secretion for Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The stimulus for Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is _______.

A

Neural signaling

54
Q

What is the effect of Adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

⬆️Adrenal cortex activity (⬆️ corticosteroids)

55
Q

What is the structural type of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A

Peptide

56
Q

What hormones does the placenta release?

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
57
Q

What is the stimulus for Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

TRH

58
Q

What is the effect of Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

⬆️ LH ⬆️ FSH

59
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
    1. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
    3. Prolactin (PRL)
    4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
    5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
60
Q

Hormones secreted by hypothalamus

A
  1. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
    1. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
    2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
    3. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
    4. Somatostatin (Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone, GHIH)
    5. Dopamine (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone, PIH)
    6. Oxytocin (produced here but released by the posterior pituitary)
    7. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (produced here but released by the posterior pituitary)
61
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A
  1. Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
    1. Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
    2. Dopamine (in smaller amounts)
62
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreas

A
  1. Insulin - Beta cells
  2. Glucagon - Alpha cells
  3. Somatostatin - Delta cells
  4. Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) - F (or PP) cells
63
Q

What stimulates TSH?

A

TRH

64
Q

What is the effect of TSH?

A

Increased thyroid hormones

65
Q

Where is TSH secreted

A

Anterior pituitary

66
Q

What stimulates ACTH?

A

CRF

67
Q

What is the effect of ATCH?

A

⬆️ adrenal cortex activity (⬆️ corticosteroids)

68
Q

Where is ATCH secreted

A

Anterior pituitary

69
Q

What stimulates LH?

A

GnRH, ⬇️ estrogen or testosterone, ⬆️ estrogen triggers LH surge

70
Q

What is the effect of LH?

A

⬆️ estrogen or testosterone

71
Q

Where is LH secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

72
Q

Which gland is connected to the hypophyseal portal system?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

73
Q

Types of signals that act on anterior vs posterior pituitary glands

A

Anterior = hormonal
Posterior = neural

74
Q

True or false: the posterior pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland

A

True. It doesn’t produce hormones it only stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus

75
Q

What stimulates FSH?

A

GnRH

76
Q

What is the effect of FSH?

A

Follicle development, spermatogenesis

77
Q

Where is FSH secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary

78
Q

What stimulates hCG?

A

Released by placenta

79
Q

What is the effect of hCG?

A

⬆️ progesterone

80
Q

Where is hCG secreted?

A

Placenta

81
Q

What stimulates GnRH?

A

Neural signaling

82
Q

What is the effect of GnRH?

A

⬆️LH, ⬆️FSH

83
Q

Where is GnRH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

What stimulates TRH?

A

Neural signalling

85
Q

What is the effect of TRH?

A

⬆️TSH

86
Q

Where is TRH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

87
Q

What stimulates CRH?

A

Neural signalling in response to stress

88
Q

What is the effect of CRH?

A

⬆️ACTH

89
Q

Where is CRH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

What stimulates GHRH?

A

Neural signalling

91
Q

What is the effect of GHRH?

A

⬆️ GH

92
Q

Where is GHRH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

93
Q

True or false. The anterior pituitary gland only secretes hormones that it also synthesizes itself

A

True

94
Q

Where is calcitriol synthesized?

A

Kidneys

95
Q

Vitamin D (calcitriol) _________ the absorption of calcium by the intestines

A

Increases

96
Q

Peptide hormones bind

A

Extracellular

97
Q

Amino acid-derived hormones bind

A

Extracellular (most) except for T3/T4

98
Q

Steroid hormones bind

A

Intercellular (because they can pass through the bilayer)

99
Q

AA derived hormone speed

A

Moderate to slow (T3/T4 is slower)

100
Q

Peptide hormone speed

A

FAST

101
Q

Steroid hormone speed

A

Slow but long lasting

102
Q

Difference between AA derived hormones and peptide hormones

A

Amino acid-derived hormones are small molecules derived from single amino acids and can be water- or lipid-soluble, while peptide hormones are chains of amino acids, always water-soluble, and rely on extracellular receptors and second messengers for action.

103
Q

Are AA derived hormones activated by circulating enzymes?

A

No. Amino acid-derived hormones are functional as soon as they are released by cells.

MCAT (11 decks)

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