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A&P II > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • nonhormonal substances (sweat, saliva)
  • have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surfaces
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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • produce hormones
  • lack ducts
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3
Q

Exocrine examples

A

sweat, saliva, pancrease

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4
Q

Endocrine examples

A

pituitary, pancreas

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5
Q

Steroid

A
  • testosterone
  • estrogen
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
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6
Q

Nonsteroid

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • ADH
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7
Q

Negative feedback

A

process that returns conditions to a set value (homeostasis) and turns off the response once values return to normal

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8
Q

Example of negative feedback

A
  • insulin (body produces insulin when blood sugar elevates)
  • glucagon (body produces glucagon when blood sugar lowers)
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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

Process by which changes causes increasing similar changes (less common)

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10
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

oxytocin and uterine contractions (uterine contractions increase in
frequency and intensity and oxytocin
levels increase until parturition or child
birth)

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11
Q

ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone
  • stimulates the adrenal cortex
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12
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • stimulates the follicles in the ovaries
  • stimulates production of sperm cells
    in the testes
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13
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

PRL

A
  • prolactin
  • sustains milk production after birth
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15
Q

TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • stimulates the thyroid
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16
Q

ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
  • increases water reabsorption in the
    kidneys
  • can cause blood pressure to rise
  • diabetes insipidus (pituitary diabetes)
    ->ADH deficiency, polyuria
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17
Q

OT

A
  • oxytocin
  • causes uterine contractions leading to
    birth
  • positive feedback mechanism
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18
Q

T4

A
  • thyroxine
  • regulates metabolism
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19
Q

T3`

A
  • triiodothyronine
  • regulates metabolism
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20
Q

PTH

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • released with hypocalcemia
  • triggers osteoclasts
  • stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb
    Ca++ (calcium) and secrete PO4-3
    (phosphate)
  • activates vitamin D
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21
Q

What is in the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)?

A

PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, growth hormone

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22
Q

What is in the pituitary gland (posterior lobe)?

A

OT, ADH

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23
Q

What is in the thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

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24
Q

Growth hormone

A

promotes growth of long
bones and increases cell uptake of amino acids mainly

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25
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

too little as a child

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26
Q

Pituitary giantism

A

too much as a child

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27
Q

Acromegaly

A

too much as an adult

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28
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • released with hypercalcemia
  • stimulates osteoblasts
29
Q

Goiters

A

enlarged thyroid gland

30
Q

Endemic goiters

A

due to iodine deficiency

31
Q

Toxic goiters

A

due to a disease state in the person or chemical exposure such as sick building syndrome

32
Q

Cretinism

A
  • low T3 and T4 at birth
  • detected with heal stick shortly
    after birth
  • given hormones to supplement this
33
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • elevated thyroid activity
  • higher T3 and T4 levels which cause
    metabolism to work faster
  • body temp. elevates; eyes bulge out
34
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • low thyroid activity
  • body temp. lowers, weight gain, brittle
    hair/nails, dry skin
35
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

calcium levels go up

36
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

calcium levels lower

37
Q

Osteoma

A

tumor in bone

38
Q

What is in the adrenal cortex?

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

39
Q

Aldosterone

A

regulates sodium and potassium by stimulating the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ in the kidney tubules

40
Q

Androgens

A

male sex hormones, supplements the gonads, can be converted to estrogen

40
Q

Cortisol

A
  • released with high stress, reduces
    inflammation and immune system,
    stimulates gluconeogenesis (makes glucose from non carbs)
40
Q

What are the 2 adrenal gland disorders?

A

crushing’s syndrome, addison’s disease

40
Q

Crushing’s syndrome

A
  • overactive adrenal glands
  • extreme weight gain
  • sodium retention
41
Q

Addison’s disease

A
  • underactive adrenal glands
  • sleek body
  • can look tanned or dark pigmentation
42
Q

What is in the adrenal medulla?

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline),
  • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • enhances fight or flight
43
Q

What is in the pancreas

A

islets of langerhans, acinar cells

44
Q

Islets of langerhans

A
  • endocrine part of pancreas
  • alpha cells secrete glucagon
  • beta cells secrete insulin
45
Q

Acinar cells

A
  • exocrine part of pancreas
  • release digestive enzymes through a
    duct that runs into small intestine
46
Q

Hyperglycemic

A
  • high blood pressure
  • beta cells release
47
Q

Hypoglycemic

A
  • low blood sugar
  • alpha cells release
48
Q

Glycogen

A

chain of glucose

49
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • juvenile diabetes
  • rare (5-10%)
  • dependent on insulin
  • autoimmune disease where body
    attacks beta cells in the pancreas, so
    insulin is not produced
  • can cause infections
50
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • adult onset
  • more common (90-95%)
  • initially not dependent on insulin
  • insulin resistant, where cells ignore
    insulin, especially in adipose tissue
51
Q

Problems with uncontrolled diabetes

A
  • damage to blood vessels and nerves is
    common
  • diabetic retinopathy leading to
    blindness
  • kidney damage leading to kidney
    dialysis
  • increased risk of heart disease
  • loss of nerve sensation and poor
    circulation
  • poor healing wounds
  • increased risk of gas gangrene (1/4 of
    all diabetics have amputation)
52
Q

Gestational diabetes

A
  • type 2 diabetes
  • get during pregnancy
  • usually leads to high birth weight
53
Q

What is in the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

54
Q

Melatonin

A

involved in circadian rhythms (24 hour cycle)

55
Q

What’s in the thymus (heart) gland?

A

thymosin

56
Q

Thymosin

A
  • stimulates T cells or T lymphocyte
    maturation
  • large in young mammals, degenerates
    after puberty
57
Q

What are in ovaries?

A

estrogen, progesterone

58
Q

Estrogen

A
  • responsible for secondary sex
    characteristics at puberty in females
  • breast development, wider
    hips/thighs, axillary and groin hair
59
Q

Progesterone

A
  • comes from the corpus luteum, the
    remaining follicle cells that remain
    in the ovary after ovulation
  • helps maintain pregnancy
60
Q

What is in testes?

A

testosterone

61
Q

Testosterone

A
  • responsible for secondary sex
    characteristics at puberty in males
  • broader shoulders, increase muscle
    tissue, deepening voice; facial, axillary,
    and groin hair
62
Q

Physical stress

A
  • not enough sleep
  • too much caffeine
  • too much alcohol
  • pain
  • smoking
63
Q

Psychological stress

A
  • death of loved one
  • divorce
  • losing a job
  • exams
  • getting in arguments
  • pandemics
64
Q

What happens to body during stress?

A
  • increased heart rate which can
    increase blood pressure
  • increased blood sugar which can
    increase risk for type 2 diabetes
  • decreased immune function (decrease
    in T cells and interferon)
  • sympathetic nervous system is active,
    so increased problems with digestive
    system
  • short term memory normally
    decreases to some degree
65
Q

Hormones that increase from stress?

A
  • insulin
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • cortisol

A&P II (9 decks)

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