Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IM ENDO > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Five major types of Hormones

A

(1) AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES
* dopamine, catecholamine, and thyroid hormone:
(2) SMALL NEUROPEPTIDES
* GnRH, TRH, somatostatin, and vasopressin:
(3) LARGE PROTEINS
* insulin, LH, and PTH:
(4) STEROID HORMONES
* cortisol and estrogen
(5) VITAMIN DERIVATIVES
* retinoids (vitamin A) and vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The glycoprotein hormone family illustrates many features of related hormones.

A
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH}
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • LH
  • human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The glycoprotein hormones are ___ that share the a subunit in common: the B subunits are distinct and confer specific biologic actions.

A

heterodimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TSH interacts minimally with

A

LH or FSH receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Very high levels of hCG during pregnancy
stimulate the ___ receptor and increase thyroid hormone levels, resulting in a compensatory decrease in TSH.

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nuclear Receptor

(glucocorticoid receptor,
mineralocorticoid receptor, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor) that bind steroids

A

type 1 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nuclear Receptor

(thyroid hormone receptor,
vitamin D receptor, retinoic acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor) that bind thyroid hormone, vitarnin D, retinoic
acid, or lipid derivatives.

A

type 2 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exceptions of Nuclear Receptor:

A

1.Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors
2.Relaxed nuclear receptor specificity involves the estrogen receptor, which can bind an array of compounds, some of which have little apparent structural similarity to the high-affinity ligand
estradiol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classic Pathway of Gene Expression

A

transcription — MRNA — protein — posttranslational protein processing —
intracellular sorting, followed by membrane integration or secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Modifications of the precursor, cholesterol

A

Steroid Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • diffuse into the circulation as they are synthesized.
  • Thus, their secretory rates are closely aligned with rates of synthesis.
A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Circulating hormone half-life:
- T4:
- T3:
- Most protein hormones (e.g., ACTH, GH, PRL, PTH, LH) have

A
  • T4:7 days
  • T3:1 day
  • Most protein hormones (e.g., ACTH, GH, PRL, PTH, LH) have relatively short half-lives (<20 min)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

change the free hormone concentration, which in turn induces compensatory
adaptations through feedback loops.

A

Short-term perturbations in binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are an exception to this
self-correcting mechanism (insulin resistance / androgen excess)

A

SHBG changes in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

can reduce total thyroid hormone levels greatly but the free concentrations of T4 and 73 remain normal.

A

TBG deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

can also influence binding protein levels (e.g., estrogen increases TBG) or cause displacement of hormones from binding proteins (e.q., salsalate displaces T4 from TBG).

A

Liver disease and certain medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inactivates glucocorticoids in renal tubular cells, preventing actions through the mineralocorticoid receptor

A

11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2

18
Q
  • are located almost exclusively in the adrenal cortex, and
  • are found predominantly in the gonads
  • are widely distributed, reflecting the need for metabolic responses in all tissues.
A
  • ACTH receptors
  • FSH receptors
  • insulin and TRs
19
Q

Membrane receptors for hormones can be divided into several major groups:

A

—seven transmembrane (GPCRs)
— Tyrosine kinase receptors,
— cytokine receptors
— serine kinase receptors

20
Q
  • of GPCRs vary widely in size and are the major binding site for large hormones.
  • are composed of hydrophobic a-helical domains that traverse the lipid bilayer.
  • is a docking site for G proteins.
A
  • extracellular domains
  • transmembrane- spanning regions
  • intracellular domain
21
Q
  • G proteins form a ___ that is composed of various a and By subunits.
  • Under these conditions, the Ga subunit is activated and mediates signal transduction through various enzymes, such as
A
  • heterotrimeric complex
  • adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C
22
Q
  • transduce signals for insulin and a variety of growth factors
  • play a prominent role in cell growth and differentiation as well as in intermediary metabolism.
A

-Tyrosine kinase receptors

23
Q
  • GH and PRL receptors belong to this family.
  • Analogous to the tyrosine kinase receptors, ligand binding induces receptor interaction w/ intracellular kinases- the Janus kinases (JAKs), w/c phosphorylate members of the signal transduction & activators of transcription (STAT) family- as well as with other signaling pathways (Ras, PI3-K, MAPK).
A

Cytokine receptor

24
Q
  • mediate the actions of activins, transforming
    growth factor B, mullerian-inhibiting substance, and bone morphogenic proteins
    -This family of receptors (consisting of type | and II subunits) signals through proteins termed smads
    • transducing the receptor signal and acting as transcription factors.
    • act primarily in a local {paracrine or autocrine) manner.
A

Serine kinase receptors

25
Q

mutations in the TR prevent co-repressor dissociation, resulting in an

A

autosomal dominant form of hormone
resistance

26
Q

stimulates gene transcription by several pathways, including
1. recruitment of enzymes {histone acetyl transferases) that modify chromatin structure,
2. interactions with additional transcription factors on the target gene,
3. direct interactions with components of the general transcription apparatus to enhance the rate of RNA polymerase I-mediated transcription.

A

receptor coactivator complex

27
Q

physiologic functions of hormones can be divided into three general areas:

A

(1) growth and differentiation,
(2) maintenance of homeostasis
(3) reproduction.

28
Q
  1. controls about 25% of basal metabolism in most tissues
  2. exerts a permissive action for many hormones in addition to its own direct effects
  3. regulates calcium and phosphorus levels
  4. regulates serum osmolality by controlling renal free water clearance
  5. control vascular volume and serum electrolyte (Na+, K+) concentrations
  6. maintains euglycemia in the fed and fasted states
A
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Cortisol
  • PTH
  • Vasopressin
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Insulin
29
Q

When secretion of this is suppressed, resulting in decreased glucose uptake and enhanced glycogenolysis, lipolysis, proteolysis, and gluconeogenesis to mobilize fuel sources.

A

Insulin

30
Q
  • rapidly stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • act over several hours to raise glucose levels and antagonize insulin action.
A
  • glucagon and epinephrine
  • GH and cotisol
31
Q
  • free-water clearance is controlled primarily by ___,
  • ____ are also important for facilitating renal tubular responses to vasopressin
A
  • vasopressin
  • cortisol and thyroid hormone
32
Q

in an interdependent manner to control calcium metabolism

A

PTH and vitamin D function

33
Q

In severe acute stress such as trauma or shock, the ___ is activated and catecholamines are released, leading to increased cardiac output and a primed musculoskeletal system.

A

sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

a protein produced by the granulosa cells, enhances follicular growth and feeds back to the pituitary to selectively suppress FSH without affecting LH.

A

Inhibin

35
Q

modulate follicular responsiveness to
gonadotropins.

A

EGF and IGF-I

36
Q

play a role in follicle vascularization and rupture. stimulates the progressive maturation of the ovarian follicle.

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor and prostaglandins

37
Q

During pregnancy, the increased production of ___, in combination with placentally derived steroids (e.g., estrogen and progesterone), prepares the breast for lactation.
- mediate the suckling response and milk release.

A
  • prolactin
  • oxytocin
38
Q

Feedback regulation also occurs for endocrine systems that do not involve the pituitary gland

A
  • calcium feedback on PTH
  • glucose inhibition of insulin secretion
  • leptin feedback on the hypothalamus
39
Q

The primary example is estrogen-mediated stimulation of the midcycle LH surge.

A

Positive feedback

40
Q
  • refers to factors released
    by one cell that act on an adjacent cell in the same tissue.
  • For example, somatostatin secretion by pancreatic islet & cells inhibits insulin secretion from nearby 6 cells.
A

Paracrine regulation

41
Q
  • describes the action of a factor on the same cell from which it is produced,
  • IGF-l acts on many cells that produce it, including chondrocytes, breast epithelium, and gonadal cells..
A

Autocrine regulation

42
Q

Essentially all pituitary hormone rhythms are entrained to sleep and to the ___, generating reproducible patterns that are repeated approximately every 24 h.

A

circadian cycle

IM ENDO (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions