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Evo Psy 2022 > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgenic-anabolic steroids?

A

Synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of testosterone.
Androgenic refers the the masculinizing effect.
Anabolic refers to the building effect.

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2
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

It is the effect that hormones have on different parts of the body when they are released by endocrine glands to various and distant receptor cells.

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3
Q

What are the glands in the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes (male) / ovaries (female)

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4
Q

What are the different types of hormones?

A

Intracrine - affects the cell that synthesized it
Autocrine - attached to the cell that synthesized it and regulates its function
Paracrine - affects neighboring cells
Exocrine - affects organisms outside the body
Endocrine - affects cells in distant parts of the body

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5
Q

How does the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control hormone release?

A
  1. Oxytocin and vasopressin are released by the neurosecretory glands in the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
  2. Neurosecretory glands also synthesize releasing and inhibiting hormones, and release them into the hypophyseal portal system.
  3. The anterior pituitary then acts in accordance to the releasing and inhibiting hormones; releasing various hormones.
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6
Q

How are steroids hormones produced and work?

A
  1. Synthesized from cholesterol and produced in adrenal glands and testes/ovaries.
  2. They are able to cross cell membranes and will trigger DNA to produce proteins.
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7
Q

How are nonsteroid hormones produced and work?

A
  1. They are short chain amino acids, also known as peptides.

2. They do not cross the cell membrane and work through a second messenger cascade.

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8
Q

What does vasopressin (Anti-Diuretic Hormone - ADH) do?

A

Regulates function of kidneys to balance the level of salt in blood plasma. When the blood is Hypertonic, there is too much salt.

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9
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

It is involved with reproductive functions.

  1. It triggers contractions of the uterus.
  2. It triggers the release of milk in the breast.
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10
Q

What does the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) do?

A

It stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine. Thyroxine is crucial for regulating metabolism, muscle control and brain development.

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11
Q

What does the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) do?

A
  1. This hormone is central to the stress response.
  2. The stress response is activated through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
  3. When stressed, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to the anterior pituitary which then releases ACTH.
  4. When ACTH binds to the adrenal glands, cortisol is released, regulating the fight or flight response.
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12
Q

What does Prolactin do?

A

It stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands.

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13
Q

What does Growth hormone do?

A

It stimulates growth of all tissues in the body and is especially important at puberty.
With aging, a drop in GH results in loss of muscle mass, increased body fat, thinning of skin and loss of cardiovascular function.

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14
Q

What so Gonadotropic hormones do?

A

It stimulates production of estrogen and testosterone.

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15
Q

What are the 2 main hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Vasopressin

2. Oxytocin

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16
Q

What are the 5 main hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. Prolactin
  4. Growth hormone
  5. Gonadotropic hormone
17
Q

What is the social behavior neural network?

A

A network of interconnected brain areas that underlie the neurobiological basis of social behavior.

18
Q

Which hormones are associated with the social behavior neural network?

A

Vasopressin and oxytoxin.

19
Q

What brain areas are in the social behavior neural network (SBNN)?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Preoptic area
  3. Anterior hypothalamus
  4. Ventromedial hypothalamus
  5. Periaqueductal grey matter
  6. Lateral septum
20
Q

What is social recognition?

A

The ability to recognize other individuals and determine how to act with them.

21
Q

Which part of the brain facilitates social recognition?

A

The hippocampus is found to have a high density of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors. Inhibiting and enhancing receptors is shown to cause changes in social recognition.

22
Q

What is pair bonding?

A

A monogamous relationship between a male and female of the same species leading to reproduction and a lifelong bond. Only 3 to 5% of mammals are monogamous.

23
Q

How is rodent and human sexual behavior similar or different?

A
  1. Humans are influenced by factors beyond biology

2. Humans do not have sex only to reproduce

24
Q

How is the menstrual cycle defined?

A

By the ovarian and uterine cycle.

The uterine cycle is defined by the steroid hormones produced in the ovarian cycle.

25
Q

What drives female sexual desire?

A

Estrogen, which builds up and peaks at ovulation. In contrast, it is negatively correlated to progesterone, which rises after ovulation.
Testosterone does not appear to have any effect.

26
Q

What drives sexual behavior in males?

A

Testosterone, which in turn may also trigger the release of dopamine.

27
Q

What hormones drive parenting?

A

Parental behavior is primed by pregnancy hormones, estrogen and progesterone.

28
Q

What is the Organizational-activation hypothesis?

A

The idea that hormones have an organizing effect on neural circuits that determine gender-typical sexual behavior.

29
Q

What is defeminization?

A

The lost of female characteristics as a result of hormonal changes, in particular testosterone.

30
Q

What are the neural differences caused by hormones?

A

The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is larger in males and this is caused by testosterone.
The interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamic area (INHA) is also larger in males.

31
Q

Are there neural differences between homosexual and heterosexual men?

A
  1. Suprachiasmatic nucleus is larger in homosexual males

2. interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamic area (INHA) is larger in heterosexual males.

32
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A

A genetic disorder where a range of hormones is deficient. In particular, melanocorticoid is deficient and this affects regulation of testosterone.
Females with CAH are less likely to be heterosexual.

33
Q

What is the fraternal birth order effect?

A

It is a theory which holds that homosexual males are more likely to have a greater number of older brothers.
This is thought to be caused by maternal immune hypothesis, where mothers develop a immune response to a specific substance on the Y chromosome.

34
Q

Is the relationship between hormones and behavior bi-directional?

A

Yes! Hormones can influence behavior and vice versa.

35
Q

Do hormones only act on 1 organ?

A

No. More often than not, they act on different organs and can have different effects on different organs.

36
Q

What is the influence of testosterone?

A
  1. Brain - sex drive, mood, confidence and memory
  2. Muscle - growth, strength and endurance
  3. Bones - density maintenance
  4. Bone marrow - red blood cell production
  5. Sex organs - sperm production, erectile function and prostate growth
  6. Skin - hair and collagen growth
37
Q

What is the influence of estrogen?

A
  1. Brain - body temperature, memory and libido
  2. Liver - cholesterol production and regulation
  3. Bones - strength and density
  4. Skin - anti-aging
  5. Heart - protects from cholesterol
  6. Breast - growth and feeding function
  7. Ovary - maturation and stimulation
  8. Uterus - preparation for pregnancy and menstrual cycle

Evo Psy 2022 (5 decks)

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