Hormone Regulation

Question 1

What ways can urine volume be increased?

Answer 1

disease, increased H2O consumption,high bp, diaretics

Question 2

Disease affecting high urine output

Answer 2

Glomerular nephritis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes incipides

Question 3

Types of diabetes incipides

Answer 3

① injury to hypothalamus
② x-lined recessive mutation for v2 receptor
③ autosomal dominance for mutated aquaporeins

Question 4

Treatments for diabetes insipidus

Answer 4

Desmopressin: synthetic analogue of vasopressin (adh)
Low sodium diet: decrease osmotic pressure in nephron
Increase water consumption: replace water lost in urination

Question 5

Diuretics

Answer 5

Chemicals increasing crime output by effecting homeostatic regulation mechanisms

Question 6

Types of diuretics (3)

Answer 6

Alcohol, caffire, medicinal diuretics

Question 7

Alcohol

Answer 7

Inhibits ADA secretion from poster purtuitory gland

Question 8

What is a hangover

Answer 8

Body dehydration by alcohol inhibition of adh

Question 9

Caffeine

Answer 9

① Blocks Na channels improximal and distal convoluted tubules increasing hypertonicity of filtrate
- osmotic pressure decreases in pertitublar capillary causing water to remain in nephron
- less water absorbed so more out
② caffeine increases blood pressure (vasoconstrictor)
- increase glomerular filtration rate → increase rate of urination

Question 10

Medicinal diuretics who are prescribed

Answer 10

High blood pressure, congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure
Excess fluid inblood and body tissues strains the heart making breathing difficult

Question 11

Examples of medicinal diuretics

Answer 11

Mersalyl acid and spironolactone

Question 12

Mersalyl acid

Answer 12

Mercurial diuretic a non-competitive inhibitor of aquaporin
When banded water channel closes, despite ads secretion so the DCT and Cd are impermeable

Question 13

Spironoloactone

Answer 13

Competitive inhibitor of aldosterone
When bonded to aldosterone receptors on distal convoluted tubal cells → aldosterone doesn’t bind → Na ion channel not formed so it remains in heparin and increases osmotic pressure preventing water reabsorption → increased urine

Question 14

High blood pressure

Answer 14

Increases glomerular pressure and glomerular filtration rate → increase urination

Question 15

Cold weather in children

Answer 15

Thermorgulatory mechanisms constrict blood vessels increasing glomerular filtration rate → urire rate

Question 16

How does adrenaline affect urination rate?

Answer 16

When adrenal glands secrete adrenaline it causes blood vessels to constrict increasing blood pressure → glomerular filtration → urine rate

Question 17

Glomerular nephritis

Answer 17

Damage to glomerular capillaries (hypertension) increases glomerular pore size
Which allows RBC and plasma proteas to pass into filtrate → increase osmotic pressure and inhibited water reabsorption
Increased water lossinurine

Question 18

Diabetes mellitus (type 2)

Answer 18

Insult not made or not recognized → glucose remains in blood
Glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule but carrier proteas for glucose is limited so when there is an increased amount it remains
High concentration ofglucose → increased osmotic pressure in nephron
Less water reabsorbed and excreted as urine

Question 19

Diabetes insipidus- hypothalamus injury

Answer 19

Head injury causes damage to hypothalamus where add is produced
50, ash doesn’t get produced when dehydrated so distal Ct and Ct are impermeable
Plus 15% =20 L

Question 20

Diabetes insipidus- x linked recessive mutation gene to v2 receptor

Answer 20

If ads can’t bind to mutated v2 receptor → protein kinase A cannot make aquaporein vesicles and don’t fuse with apical cell membranes of distal and collecting
Affect the male species

Question 21

Diabetes instpides- autosomal dominant to aquaporein gene

Answer 21

Mutation = change to shape, size, charge
Without aquaporein channels distal CT and CD are impermeable to h20

Question 22

Is the body better at regulating low or high blood pressure

Answer 22

Low bp using homeostatic mechanisms
Dilation = lower blood volume = lower blood pressure
Vasocontriction= increase blood volume = increase blood pressure

Question 23

Angiotensin bp regulation

Answer 23

① when there is low bp
-Bleeding ／blood loss
- Excessive Heat (loss blood volume due to sweating)
- dilation of blood vessels (alcohol vasodilator)
② pressure receptors juxtaglomerular apparatus near kidney secrete renin enzyme (regulator)
③ angiotensinogen → renin → angiotensin ( efferent pathway mediator to etfectors)
④ angrotension binds causes blood vessels to constrict
⑤ higher bp

Question 24

Aldosterone Na regulation

Answer 24

1 when low bp and angiotensin is secreted
② binds to adrenal cortex receptors (kidney on top)
③ adrenal cortex excretes aldosterone hormone (efferent pathway to effectors)
④ with aldosterone genes of Na carrier proteins are transcribed in distal ct to make more Na carrier proteins
⑤ increase Na reabsorption, decrease osmotic pressure in heparin, increase h20 absorption
⑥ increase bp due to increased plasma volume

Question 25

Aldosterone mechanism

Answer 25

① aldosterone binds to receptors on basolateral membrane of kidney
② receptor binding intimates receptor-mediated endocytosis
③ vesicles with receptors fuse with nuclear membrane and release aldosterone into nucleus
④ binds to represser protein of DNA releasing depressor protein from DNA

Question 26

Common causes of dehydration

Answer 26

Reduced fluid consumption
Increased exercise
High temps
Excessive diarrhea and vomiting

Question 27

Homeostatic mechanism for dehydration

Answer 27

Dehydration= low bp
Increases osmotic pressure in blood vessels
Increased secretion of ADH
Increased reabsorption of water
Water conservation

Question 28

Homeostatic mechanism for over hydration

Answer 28

Over hydration = high bp
1 decrease osmotic pressure in blood vessels
② decreased ADH
③ impermeable distal ct and cd
④ decreased water absorption