hormone deficiency, hypersecretion

Question 1

Increased GH can cause

Answer 1

-prolactin like symptoms

Question 2

Growth Hormone Excess

Answer 2

before closure of epiphesial plates- gigantism hyperglycemia, if closed acromegaly(due to tumor soft tissue growth) -widely spaced teeth, and increased slant of forehead, prognathism(growth of mandible -increased organ size –hypertrophy of organs, hypertension, compresson of nerves and diabetes.

Question 3

Growth hormone deficiency

Answer 3

panhypopituitarism, results in dwarfism, Laron has bad receptors. if you treat with IGF you will increase their height.

Question 4

pituatary stalk injury results in

Answer 4

diabetes insipidus, panhypopituatarism, hyperprolactinemia

Question 5

hypersecretion of prolactin

Answer 5

Galactorrhea, decreased libido, decreased obulation and spermatogenesis by inhibiting GnRH Prolactinomas- benign tumors, compresses optic chiasm if greater than 15 cm bitemporal hemianopiea,

Question 6

Prolactin deficiency results in

Answer 6

failure to lactate

Question 7

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 7

Central-low levels of ADH due to CNS lesion, treated with ADH analogue and dDAVP Nephrogenic- high levels of ADH, defect is V2 receptor, Gs proteins or adenylyl cyclase

Question 8

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

Answer 8

oat cell in lung cuases increased ADh secerion, increased water retention and urinary concentration which will decrease the serum osmolarity

Question 9

Pregnancy and estrogen increases levles of

Answer 9

TBG

Question 10

Plummers disease

Answer 10

overactive lump, hyperthyroidism

Question 11

Hypertyroidism causes

Answer 11

thyroid enlargement, overative lump, toxic multinodular goiter

Question 12

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 12

irrtability, weight loss, amenorrhea, palpitations, increased bowel movments, heat intolerance, CHF in elderly

Question 13

causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 13

Haschimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroidectomy, iodide deficiency, secondary, insufficient pituitary action, resistance of organs to TH

Question 14

hypothyroidism in newborns

Answer 14

iodidedeficiency, placental transver of TSH antibodies. show respiratory problems, jaundice, poor feeding, umbilical hernia, reduction of bone development.

Question 15

hypothyroidism in children

Answer 15

growth and mental retardation

Question 16

hypothyroidsim in adults

Answer 16

fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, menstrual problems, slow deep tendon reflexes, usually slow relaxation phase, coarse dry skin, bradycardia, constipation myxedema, due to accumulation of GAGs, puffiness

Question 17

Amenorrhea in hypothyroidism

Answer 17

decrease in T3 means increase in TRH and TSH, Increased TRH causes Increased Prolactin and decrease in GnRH- anovulatory cycle.

Question 18

Hyperaldosteronism

Answer 18

–increased Na and water retention in plasma and potassium secretion into urine, –increased plasma volume causes hypertension –increased H+ exchanged for ICF K+ leading to alkalosis, and hypokalemia causing muscle wekanesss and arrhytmias

Question 19

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 19

Conn’s syndrome from an adrenal tumor or hyperplasia, decreased renin levels.

Question 20

secondary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 20

increased renin levels

Question 21

hyposecretion of aldosterone

Answer 21

hyperkalemia, decreased K excretion –metabolic acidosis, increased H+ retention Hyponatremia- decreased Na reabsorption decreased extracellular fluid and volume, shock.

Question 22

21 Beta hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 22

lack of corticosterone/aldosterone, Cortisol and accumulation of progesterone, 17 hydroxy progesterone, and Androtenedione Hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia due to cortisol, high levels of renin. Hyper androgen production.

Question 23

17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 23

can only synthesize corticosteroids, no cortisol or androgens. hypertension, hypervolumia, hypokalemia and increased sodium retention, low renin levels. Glucocorticoid deficiency but not as asevere because you still have corticosterone.

Question 24

11 Beta Hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 24

same as 21 beta but you have hyper tension becasue 11deoxycorticosterone can have aldosterone like affects, increased renin, but hypoglycemia

Question 25

17-20 lyase deficiency

Answer 25

deficiency in androgens, more severe in femalse.

Question 26

pheochromocytoma

Answer 26

hypersecretion of medullary hormones, hyperglycemia, Hypertension, increased in basal metabolic rate and orhtostatic hypotension, going from sitting to standing will drop by 20 in systolic or 10 in diastolic.

Question 27

Stress response

Answer 27

activates both adrenal medulla and cortex, medulla is immediate and releases catecholamines that increase HR, BP GLUCOSE, BMR, Bronchodilation. Adrenal cortex releases gulcocorticoids whihc cause protein, fat, breakdown and immune suppresion.

Question 28

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 28

increased glucose, FFA’s AA’s and ketone bodies which causes ketoacidosid or Diabetic KA, this will cause H+ to be exchanged for K+ and this will cause K to be secreted due to increased RAAS in kidneys, osmotic diuresis, dehydration. Type 1- destruction of beta cells, Type II- insulin resistant- don’t develop ketoacidosis- loosing weight can improve it. can get a hyperosmol coma. - treat with sulfonylurea drugs and biguanide- metformin to upregulate insulin receptors

Question 29

complications of diabetes

Answer 29

risk of stroke, risk of heart disease, increased blood pressure, leading caue of blindness in adults, end stage renal disease, peripheral nueropathy.

Question 30

Hypoglycemia

Answer 30

caused by failure to adjust meds in diabetic patients, exercise in diabetics, alcohol, insulinoma. sympotms are excitability, tremors, coma(Below 40), disoriented confuesd(below60)

Question 31

Alkalosis affect on calcium

Answer 31

incrased in calcium binding and decrease in plasma calcium

Question 32

acidosis affect on calcium

Answer 32

less calcium binding and increased plasma calcium

Question 33

hypocalcemia

Answer 33

increases membrane exictability and causes paresthesias, hypocalcemic tetany, chvoestek’s sign twitching of facial muscles. Trousseaus sign EKG shows shortened QT interval

Question 34

hypercalcemia

Answer 34

nephrogenic DI, polyuria, polydipsia, Peptic ulcer, due to direct stim of praieta cells, Kidtney stones, neuro symptoms, pshych symptoms EKG shows shortened QT interval.

Question 35

Primary hyper PTH

Answer 35

usually due to parathyroid hormone, shows hyperalcemia symptoms

Question 36

secondary hyperparathydroidsi

Answer 36

deficient in vitamin d or poor absorption of fat, inability to synthesize D3 or increased need for Calcium (pregnancy) Serum PTH are high and Ca is normal to low. serum phosphate is low but urine phosphate is high.

Question 37

rickets/osteomalacia

Answer 37

low vit d, demineralization of bones.

Question 38

Primary hypoparathyroidism

Answer 38

accidental removal, low Ca, and high Phosphate. - tetany below 6 mg of Ca in blood can lead to death.

Question 39

Hypogonadism

Answer 39

non functional testes or loss of testes, prepuberty, longer less strong bones, develop femal sex organs. post puverty, increase of voice pitch, loss of bone, protein and less easy for erection.

Question 40

adiposogenital syndrome

Answer 40

can’t Make GnRh, also affects feeding center and causes obesity and hypogandism.

Question 41

Panhypopituitarism

Answer 41

deficiency in all pituitary hormones –occurs later in life due to infarction as in Sheehan’s syndrome due to post partum hemorrhage – in children leads to dwarfism in adults, hypothyroidism, decrease in sexual hormones, decrease in glucocoticoids