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MCBM Exam 4 Kat > Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

In what order are body fuels used?

A

8 hrs: Liver glycogen depleted
24 hrs: Triglycerides provide energy for body, Protein degradation provides glucose for the brain
Several Days: ketone bodies used as alternative fuels

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2
Q

How does glucagon affect brain function?

A

It insures brain function as it releases fuels from liver glycogen (brain) and adipose triglycerides (body)

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3
Q

What energy processes involving glucagon happen in the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Fatty Acid Release
Ketone Body Syntheis

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4
Q

What does insulin insure?

A

Fuel storage (glycogen and fat)

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5
Q

What energy processes involving insulin happen in the liver?

A

Glycogen Synthesis
Glycolysis (AcCoA) Synthesis
Fatty Acid Synthesis

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6
Q

What hormones have a slower, but more prolonged mechanism of action than that of insulin, glucagon and epinephrine?

A

Cortisol
Thyroid Hormone
Leptin
Adiponectin

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7
Q

What kind of hormone is cortisol?

A

A steroid hormone

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8
Q

What triggers cortisol secretion?

A

Stress

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9
Q

Does cortisol secretion respond to hypothalmic/pituitary signals?

A

Yes, unlike other metabolic regulators

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10
Q

What is the pathway to cortisol secretion?

A

Hypothalmus secretes CRH into portal system > Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH into systemic circulation > Adrenal cortex responds with secretion of cortisol

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11
Q

What kind of precursor protein does ACTH come from?

A

A large precursor protein

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12
Q

What sort of effects does cortisol have on the body?

A

Elevate blood glucose
Mobilize fat
Increase muscle protein catabolism
Anti-inflammatory effects (well known)

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13
Q

What disease results from excess cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A 
Weight gain of upper body
Easy bruising
Purple stretch marks
Excess hair growth or acne in women
Menstrual disorder
Faitgue & Muscle weakness
Mood swings
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15
Q

What disease results from Cortisol deficiency?

A

Addison’s Disease

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A 
Changes in blood pressure
Chronic Diarrhea
Patchy skin color
Paleness
Extreme weakness
Loss of appetite
Mouth lesions on buccal mucosa
Nausea and Vomiting
Salt Craving
Sluggish Movement
Unintentional weight loss
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17
Q

Converting thyroglobulin to T4 and T3

A 
Thyroglobulin - Tyr
to
Thyroglobulin - Tyr - I 
to (via proteolysis)
Thyroxin (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
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18
Q

What diseases result from Hypothyroidism?

A

Myxedema

Hashimoto’s Syndrome

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A 
Cold sensitive
Unintentional weight gain
Fatigue
Brittle hair/nails
Constipation
Depression
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20
Q

What is another name for congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Cretinism

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21
Q

What disease results from Hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Grave’s Disease?

A 
Heat sensitive
Unintentional weight loss
Exopthalmia
Irregular Heartbeat
Insomnia
Diarrhea
Irritability
Tremor
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23
Q

What is Leptin know as and what is it secreted by?

A

Leptin is known as the “set point” hormone.

It is secreted by fat

24
Q

What type of receptor is the leptin receptor?

A

Orphan

25
Q

What is the function of Leptin?

A

It maintains constant mass.

26
Q

What is JAK?

A

Janus Kinase

27
Q

What is STAT?

A

Signal Transducing Activator of Transcription

28
Q

What happens to muscle when Adiponectin activates AMPK?

A

Up Fatty Acid Uptake
Up Beta Oxidation
Up Glucose Uptake

29
Q

What happens to the liver when Adiponectin activates AMPK?

A

Up glycolysis
Down Gluconeogenesis
Down Fatty Acid Synthesis

30
Q

What types of energy processes does AMPK inhibit and activate?

A

It inhibits energy consuming processes

It activates energy producing processes

31
Q

What signaling pathway is used when bacterial products are present?

A

Toll Receptor/NFkB

32
Q

What signaling pathway is used when glucocorticoids are present?

A

Transcriptional Regulation

33
Q

What signaling pathway is used when Cytokines are present?

A

JAK/STAT

34
Q

What signaling pathway is used when Thromboxane A2 is present?

A

Serpentine/PKC

35
Q

What signaling pathway is used when Nitric Oxide is present?

A

Guanylate cyclase/PKG

36
Q

What are toll receptors activated by?

A 
PAMPs 
Pathogen
Associated
Molecular
Patterns
37
Q

What two major pro-inflammatory transcription factors are activated by toll receptors?

A

AP-1

NFkB

38
Q

What is NFkB considered in inflammation?

A

It’s the master switch for inflammation

39
Q

What does NFkB activate?

A

Gene expression for many inflammatory cytokines and synthetic enzymes for inflammatory mediators

40
Q

What role does NFkB play in cancer?

A

Regulates synthesis of proteins that inhibit apoptosis (cIAPs)

41
Q

What type of hormones are glucocorticoids?

A

Steroid hormones

42
Q

Are steroid lipophilic or lipophobic?

A

Lipophilic

43
Q

What type of signaling is the receptor enzyme Guanylate Cyclase like?

A

cAMP signaling

44
Q

Does Guanylate cyclase require a G protein?

A

No

45
Q

What does Guanylate cyclase activate ultimately?

A

cGMP - dependent protein kinase (PKG)

46
Q

Where is Guanylate cyclase found?

A 
Epithelium
Heart
Blood Vessels
Brain 
Kidney Collecting Tubules
47
Q

What function is Guanylate cyclase important in?

A

Blood pressure regulation

48
Q

What are the 2 types of guanylate cyclase and what are they activated by?

A

1) integral membrane proteins are activated by atrial natriuretic factors (ANF)
2) cytosolic protein w/ associated heme is activated by Nitric Oxide (NO)

49
Q

What is the function of ANF?

A

Enhances Na+ and H2O excretion in the kidney collection tubules
Makes the heart an endocrine gland and serves to decrease blood pressure

50
Q

What was the first gas to be recognized as a biological messenger?

A

Nitric Oxide

51
Q

What is the function of NO?

A

It is the blood pressure police

52
Q

How are NO and nitroglycerin related?

A

Nitroglycerin slowly degrades into NO

53
Q

What is angina due to?

A

Ischemia in area of heart muscle

54
Q

What does NO do when it binds guanylate cyclase?

A

It increases cGMP which activates PKG

55
Q

What does PKG result in?

A

Low cytosolic Ca2+ resulting in relaxation of heart muscle

56
Q

What does cGMP Phosphodiesterase do?

A

breaks down cGMP to halt signal from ANF or NO

57
Q

What drug is cGMP Phosphodiesterase inhibited by?

A

Viagra which leads to potentially localized vasodilation

MCBM Exam 4 Kat (10 decks)

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