Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism

Question 1

In what order are body fuels used?

Answer 1

8 hrs: Liver glycogen depleted
24 hrs: Triglycerides provide energy for body, Protein degradation provides glucose for the brain
Several Days: ketone bodies used as alternative fuels

Question 2

How does glucagon affect brain function?

Answer 2

It insures brain function as it releases fuels from liver glycogen (brain) and adipose triglycerides (body)

Question 3

What energy processes involving glucagon happen in the liver?

Answer 3

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Fatty Acid Release
Ketone Body Syntheis

Question 4

What does insulin insure?

Answer 4

Fuel storage (glycogen and fat)

Question 5

What energy processes involving insulin happen in the liver?

Answer 5

Glycogen Synthesis
Glycolysis (AcCoA) Synthesis
Fatty Acid Synthesis

Question 6

What hormones have a slower, but more prolonged mechanism of action than that of insulin, glucagon and epinephrine?

Answer 6

Cortisol
Thyroid Hormone
Leptin
Adiponectin

Question 7

What kind of hormone is cortisol?

Answer 7

A steroid hormone

Question 8

What triggers cortisol secretion?

Answer 8

Stress

Question 9

Does cortisol secretion respond to hypothalmic/pituitary signals?

Answer 9

Yes, unlike other metabolic regulators

Question 10

What is the pathway to cortisol secretion?

Answer 10

Hypothalmus secretes CRH into portal system > Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH into systemic circulation > Adrenal cortex responds with secretion of cortisol

Question 11

What kind of precursor protein does ACTH come from?

Answer 11

A large precursor protein

Question 12

What sort of effects does cortisol have on the body?

Answer 12

Elevate blood glucose
Mobilize fat
Increase muscle protein catabolism
Anti-inflammatory effects (well known)

Question 13

What disease results from excess cortisol?

Answer 13

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 14

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

Answer 14

Weight gain of upper body
Easy bruising
Purple stretch marks
Excess hair growth or acne in women
Menstrual disorder
Faitgue & Muscle weakness
Mood swings

Question 15

What disease results from Cortisol deficiency?

Answer 15

Addison’s Disease

Question 16

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

Answer 16

Changes in blood pressure
Chronic Diarrhea
Patchy skin color
Paleness
Extreme weakness
Loss of appetite
Mouth lesions on buccal mucosa
Nausea and Vomiting
Salt Craving
Sluggish Movement
Unintentional weight loss

Question 17

Converting thyroglobulin to T4 and T3

Answer 17

Thyroglobulin - Tyr
to
Thyroglobulin - Tyr - I 
to (via proteolysis)
Thyroxin (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 18

What diseases result from Hypothyroidism?

Answer 18

Myxedema

Hashimoto’s Syndrome

Question 19

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

Answer 19

Cold sensitive
Unintentional weight gain
Fatigue
Brittle hair/nails
Constipation
Depression

Question 20

What is another name for congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 20

Cretinism

Question 21

What disease results from Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

Grave’s Disease

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Grave’s Disease?

Answer 22

Heat sensitive
Unintentional weight loss
Exopthalmia
Irregular Heartbeat
Insomnia
Diarrhea
Irritability
Tremor

Question 23

What is Leptin know as and what is it secreted by?

Answer 23

Leptin is known as the “set point” hormone.

It is secreted by fat

Question 24

What type of receptor is the leptin receptor?

Answer 24

Orphan

Question 25

What is the function of Leptin?

Answer 25

It maintains constant mass.

Question 26

What is JAK?

Answer 26

Janus Kinase

Question 27

What is STAT?

Answer 27

Signal Transducing Activator of Transcription

Question 28

What happens to muscle when Adiponectin activates AMPK?

Answer 28

Up Fatty Acid Uptake Up Beta Oxidation Up Glucose Uptake

Question 29

What happens to the liver when Adiponectin activates AMPK?

Answer 29

Up glycolysis Down Gluconeogenesis Down Fatty Acid Synthesis

Question 30

What types of energy processes does AMPK inhibit and activate?

Answer 30

It inhibits energy consuming processes | It activates energy producing processes

Question 31

What signaling pathway is used when bacterial products are present?

Answer 31

Toll Receptor/NFkB

Question 32

What signaling pathway is used when glucocorticoids are present?

Answer 32

Transcriptional Regulation

Question 33

What signaling pathway is used when Cytokines are present?

Answer 33

JAK/STAT

Question 34

What signaling pathway is used when Thromboxane A2 is present?

Answer 34

Serpentine/PKC

Question 35

What signaling pathway is used when Nitric Oxide is present?

Answer 35

Guanylate cyclase/PKG

Question 36

What are toll receptors activated by?

Answer 36

``` PAMPs Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns ```

Question 37

What two major pro-inflammatory transcription factors are activated by toll receptors?

Answer 37

AP-1 | NFkB

Question 38

What is NFkB considered in inflammation?

Answer 38

It's the master switch for inflammation

Question 39

What does NFkB activate?

Answer 39

Gene expression for many inflammatory cytokines and synthetic enzymes for inflammatory mediators

Question 40

What role does NFkB play in cancer?

Answer 40

Regulates synthesis of proteins that inhibit apoptosis (cIAPs)

Question 41

What type of hormones are glucocorticoids?

Answer 41

Steroid hormones

Question 42

Are steroid lipophilic or lipophobic?

Answer 42

Lipophilic

Question 43

What type of signaling is the receptor enzyme Guanylate Cyclase like?

Answer 43

cAMP signaling

Question 44

Does Guanylate cyclase require a G protein?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

What does Guanylate cyclase activate ultimately?

Answer 45

cGMP - dependent protein kinase (PKG)

Question 46

Where is Guanylate cyclase found?

Answer 46

``` Epithelium Heart Blood Vessels Brain Kidney Collecting Tubules ```

Question 47

What function is Guanylate cyclase important in?

Answer 47

Blood pressure regulation

Question 48

What are the 2 types of guanylate cyclase and what are they activated by?

Answer 48

1) integral membrane proteins are activated by atrial natriuretic factors (ANF) 2) cytosolic protein w/ associated heme is activated by Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 49

What is the function of ANF?

Answer 49

Enhances Na+ and H2O excretion in the kidney collection tubules Makes the heart an endocrine gland and serves to decrease blood pressure

Question 50

What was the first gas to be recognized as a biological messenger?

Answer 50

Nitric Oxide

Question 51

What is the function of NO?

Answer 51

It is the blood pressure police

Question 52

How are NO and nitroglycerin related?

Answer 52

Nitroglycerin slowly degrades into NO

Question 53

What is angina due to?

Answer 53

Ischemia in area of heart muscle

Question 54

What does NO do when it binds guanylate cyclase?

Answer 54

It increases cGMP which activates PKG

Question 55

What does PKG result in?

Answer 55

Low cytosolic Ca2+ resulting in relaxation of heart muscle

Question 56

What does cGMP Phosphodiesterase do?

Answer 56

breaks down cGMP to halt signal from ANF or NO

Question 57

What drug is cGMP Phosphodiesterase inhibited by?

Answer 57

Viagra which leads to potentially localized vasodilation