Hormonal Regulation of Carb Metabolism Flashcards
Early manifestations of hypoglycemia
Palpitations Tachycardia Diaphoresis Anxiety Weakness Hunger Nausea
Prolonged/severe manifestations of hypoglycemia
Hypothermia Confusion Hallucinations Seizures Coma
Early manifestations of hyperglycemia
Polydypsia Polyuria Altered vision Weight loss Mild dehydration
Prolonged/severe manifestations of hyperglycemia
Cardiac arrhythmias
Coma
Cell types in the islets and what they secrete
Beta cells: insulin (main cell type)
Alpha cells: glucagon
Delta: somatostatin
PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide
Somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells
Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Pancreatic polypeptide
Secreted by PP cells
Reduce appetite and food intake
- Parasympathetic innervation
- Sympathetic innervation
of the pancreatic islet
- Vagus nerve
2. Post ganglionic fibers of the celiac ganglion
Primary NT for 1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic systems in the islet What do they cause?
- ACh (increases insulin release)
2. NOR (inhibits insulin secretion)
Insulin is synthesized as…
Proinsulin
Contains alpha and beta chains linked by disulphide bones, and a C peptide
Positive regulators of insulin secretion
Hormones: GIP, GLP-1, glucagon (woah)
Nutrients: glucose, Arg/Lys
Neural: ACh
Glucotoxicity and Lipotoxicity
From prolonged glucose and FFAs
Can lead to apoptosis of beta cells
3 major target tissues of insulin
Muscle
Fat
Liver
Effects of insulin in skeletal muscle
Increased glucose uptake
Increased glycogen synthesis
Increased protein synthesis
Effects of insulin in adipose tissue
Increased glucose uptake
Increased lipogenesis
Decreased lipolysis
