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hormonal control-b11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical molecules released directly into the blood. They are carried in the blood to other parts of the body, but only affect particular cells in particular organs(target organs) because the target hormone has receptors on the cell membranes that pick up the hormone molecule triggering a response in the cell. Hormones control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment. Hormones have relatively long lasting effects.

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2
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

They are produced and secreted by various glands called endocrine glands which make up the endocrine system

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3
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce?

A
  • Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
  • It is called the master gland because the hormones it produces act on other glands, making the other glands release hormones that bring about change.
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4
Q

What does the thyroid produce and what does that hormone do?

A
  • Produces Thyroxine

- Thyroxine is involved in regulating rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

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5
Q

What hormone does adreline gland produce and what does that hormone do?

A
  • Produces adreneline

- Adrenline is used to prepare the body for fight or flight responses

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6
Q

What hormone do the ovaries produce and what does that hormone do?

A
  • Produces oestrogen

- Oestrigen is involved in the menustrual cycle

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7
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce and what does that hormone do?

A
  • Produces insulin

- Insulin is used to regulate the blood glucose levels

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8
Q

What hormone do the testes produces and what does that hormone do?

A
  • Produces testosterone

- Testosterone controls puberty and sperm production n males

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9
Q

What is the similarities in hormones and nerves?

A

Hormones and nerves do similiar jobs, they both carry information and instructions around the body.

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10
Q

What are the differences between hormones and nerves?

A

Nerves are very fast action and act for a short time and act on a precise area
Hormones have slower action, act for a long time, act in a more general way.

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11
Q

Which hormones are rapid response hormones and which are more slow acting hormones?

A
  • Insulin and adrenaline

- Slow acting hormones have more long term effects which include growth hormones and sex hormones.

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12
Q

What are examples of hormones the pituitary gland releases?

A

ADH ,FSH, TSH and growth hormones

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13
Q

What is ADH?

A

ADH affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney

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14
Q

What is FSH?

A

-FSH is follicle stimulating hormone which stimulates the ovaries to make the female sex hormone oestrogen

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15
Q

What is TSH?

A

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine

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16
Q

Why does glucose need to be controlled?

A

The concentration of glucose in your blood needs to be kept within a certain limit because glucose is needed by cells for respiration.
When you digest a meal, large amounts of glucose pass into your blood. Without a control mechanism, your blood glucose levels would vary significantly. They would range from very high after a meal to a very low several hours later, so low that cells would not have enough glucose to respire.

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17
Q

Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose?

A

The pancreas

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18
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

The pancreas is a small pink organ found under your stomach.

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19
Q

What happens when your blood glucose is too high?

A

The pancreas produces insulin, insulin makes liver turn the glucose into glycogen, so the glucose moves from the blood into liver and muscles where it is stored as glycogen which can be converted back into glucose when needed.

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20
Q

What happens when the glycogen stores in liver and muscles are full?

A

Any excess glucose is converted into lipids and stored. If you regularly take in food that results in having more glucose than the liver and muscles can store as glycogen, you will gradually store more of it as lipids. Eventually you become obese.

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21
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

The pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon makes your liver turn glycogen into glucose. Glucose is released into the blood by the liver.

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22
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Diabetes is a condition that affects your ability to control blood sugar levels.

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23
Q

What is type one diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. This means a person’s blood glucose can rise or fall to a level that can kill them.

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24
Q

What is the treatment of type one diabetes?

A

Insulin therapy- several injections of insulin throughout the day, most likely at mealtimes. This makes sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested, stopping the level getting too high. It is very effective treatment. The amount of insulin injected depends on the persons diet and how active they are.
As well as insulin therapy, people with type one diabetes should limit the intake of food rich in simple carbohydrates e.g sugars(which causes the blood glucose to rise rapidly) and taking regular exercise(which helps remove excess glucose from the blood)

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Producing a lot of urine
  • Feeling very thirsty
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
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26
Q

Why do people with diabetes before diagnosis need to urinate a lot and feel very thirsty?

A

Your blood glucose levels get very high after you eat, eventually your kidneys exctrete glucose in your urine. So you produce lots of urine and feel thirty all the time.

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27
Q

Why do people with diabetes before diagnoses feel very tired?

A

Without insulin, glucose cannot get into the cells of the body, so you lack energy and feel tired.

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28
Q

Why do people with diabetes before diagnoses lose weight?

A

They break down fat and protein to use as fuel instead, so they lose weight.

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29
Q

Is there a cure for type one diabetes?

A

No, doctors can transplant a new pancreas, but the operations are difficult and risky. And there are not enough pancreas donors for everyone suffering from type one diabetes.

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30
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 2 diabetes is where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin, so their pancreas still works normally and produces insulin but their body cells don’t respond properly to the hormone. So this can cause a person blood sugar levels to rise and fall to dangerous levels.

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31
Q

What are risk factor’s in developing type 2 diabetes?

A

Being overweight can increase your chances of developing type 2 diabetes as obesity is a major risk factor in the development of the disease.
Also it gets more common as people get older, and another risk factor is not doing enough exercise.

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32
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

It can be controlled by eating a carbohydrate- controlled diet and getting regular exercise.

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33
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When a level of something gets too high or low, your body does the opposite to bring it back to normal.

34
Q

Is the production and release of adrenaline a negative feedback loop?

A

No

35
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Adrenaline is a hormone released by adrenal galnds which are just above the kidneys.
Adrenaline is released in response to stressful or scary situations-your brain detects fear or stress and sends nervous impulses to the adrenal glands which respond by secreting adrenaline.
Adrenaline gets your body ready for flight and fight by triggering mechanisms that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to the cells in the brain and muscles.
Once the danger is done, the adrenal glands stop secreting adrenaline so this is not a negative feedback loop

36
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the body?

A
  • Heart rate and breathing rate increase
  • Stored glycogen in the liver to be converted to glucose for respiration
  • The pupils of your eyes dilate to let more light in
  • Your mental awareness increases
  • Blood diverted away from the digestive system to the big muscles of the limbs
37
Q

Is the secretion of thyroxine a negative feedback loop?

A

Yes

38
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Hormone released by the thyroid gland, which is in the neck.

39
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Plays an important role in regulating the basal metabolic rate-the speed at which reactions in the body occur while the body is at rest.
Thyroxine is also important for loads of processes in the body, such as stimulating protein synthesis for growth and development.
Thyroxine is released in response to thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) which is released from he pituitary gland.

40
Q

How does negative feedback play system help keep the amount of thyroxine in the blood at the right level?

A

When the level of thyroxine in the blood is higher than normal, the secretion of TSH from the pituitary gland is inhibited. This reduces the amount of thyroxine released from the pituitary gland, so the level in blood falls back to normal.

41
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

During puberty, reproductive hormones begin to be released. These cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop in men and woman.

42
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

The ones you are born with, e.g ovaries in girls and testes in boys

43
Q

What is the main female reproductive hormone?

A

Oestrogen which is produced in the ovaries. Rising oestrogen levels trigger the development of the female sexual characteristics usually between the ages of 8 and 14.

44
Q

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A
  • growth spurt
  • pubic hair
  • breasts develop
  • menstruation begins
  • brain matures
45
Q

What is the main male reproductive hormone?

A

Testosterone produced by the testes. As levels of testosterone rise, secondary sexual characteristics develop in the age from 9-15.

46
Q

What are examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

A

-growth spurt
-pubic hair
facial hair growth
-the larynx gets bigger and the voice breaks
-testes grow and become active
-shoulders and chest broaden as muscle develops
-brain matures

47
Q

What is menopause?

A

Eventually the supply of eggs runs out and the woman goes through menopause-she can no longer have children. Approaching menopause, a woman is less fertile and has a higher risk of having a baby with genetic problems.

48
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The menstrual cycle is the process the body undergoes each month to prepare for a potential pregnancy.

49
Q

What is a quick summary of what happens in the menstrual cycle?

A

It begins with the lining of the uterus breaking down, and the woman has her period. The layer then builds up again, until ovulation(day 14) occurs-an egg is released from the ovary and moves to the uterus via the fallopian tube. If a fertilized egg has not been embedded in the lining after 28 days, it begins to break down and the cycle continues.

50
Q

What are the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, oestrogen, LH,progesterone

51
Q

What role does FSH play in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH(follicle stimulated hormone) is produced in the pituitary gland
Causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries, in structure called a follicle
Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

52
Q

What role does oestrogen play in the menstrual cycle?

A

Produced in the ovaries
Causes the lining of the uterus to grow
Stimulates the release of LH(which causes the release of an egg) and inhibits release of FSH.

53
Q

What role does LH play in the menstrual cycle?

A

Produced in the pituitary gland

Stimulates the release of an egg at day 14(ovulation)

54
Q

What role does progesterone play in the menstrual cycle?

A

Produced by the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation
Maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. When the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down.
Inhibits the release of LH and FSH

55
Q

What is contraception?

A

Methods used to prevent pregnancy by preventing the egg and sperm meeting or a fertilized egg implanting in the uterus.

56
Q

What are the different methods of contraception?

A

Oral contraceptives, hormonal injections, implants and patches, barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms, intrauterine device, spermicidal agents, abstinence and surgical sterilization.

57
Q

What is the contracpetive pill and pros and cons?

A

The pill is an oral contracpetive conatining oestrogen and progesterone(combined oral contraceptive pill).
It is over 99% effective at preventing preganacy, it works because if oestrogen is taken everyday to keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, and after a while egg development and production stops. Also the progestorne reduces fertility by stimulating thick mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching the egg.
Possible side effects include: headaches and nausea and it doesn’t protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
There is also a progesterone only pill-it has fewer side effects than the pill, and it just as effective.

58
Q

What is the contraceptive patch?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone. It is a small patch that is stuck to the skin. Each patch lasts one week

59
Q

What is the contraceptive implant?

A

It is inserted under the skin of the arm. It releases a continuous amount of progesterone, which stops the ovaries releasing eggs, makes it harder for sperm to swim to egg, and stops and fertilized egg implanting in the uterus. An implant can last 3 years.

60
Q

What is an intrauterine device?

A

(IUD) it is a T shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilsed egg. There are two main types-plastic IUDs that release progesterone and copper IUDs that prevent the sperm surviving in the uterus.

61
Q

What are condoms?

A

A condom is a thin latex sheet. Condoms are worn over the penis during intercourse to prevent sperm entering the vagina. There are also female condoms that are worn inside the vagina.
Condoms are the only form of contraception that will protect against sexually transmitted infections.
They have no side effects
But they can get damaged and let sperm through

62
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

It is a shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix to form a barrier. It has to be used with spermicide.
They have no side effects but must be fitted by a doctor.

63
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

This involves cutting or tying the fallopian tubes in a female, or the sperm duct in a male.
This is a permanent procedure, however there is a very small chance the tubes can rejoin.

64
Q

What are natural methods?

A

Pregnancy may be avoided by finding out when in the menstrual cycle the woman is most fertile and avoiding sexual intercourse on those days(also called rhythm method) It is popular with people who think that hormonal and barrier methods are unnatural however this is not very effective.

65
Q

What is abstinence?

A

The only way to be completely sure that sperm and egg don’t meet is to not have intercourse.

66
Q

What can be done when a woman has too low levels of FSH and she wants to get pregnant?

A

Some woman have low levels of FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) that are too low to cause their eggs to mature. This means that no eggs are released and the woman can’t get pregnant.
The hormones FSH and LH can be given to women as a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation.
There are some cons though:
It doesnt always work though and can be very expenisve
Too many eggs can be stimulated, resulting in unexpected multiple pregnancies.

67
Q

What is auxin?

A

Auxin is a plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots.
It controls the growth of a plant in response to light(phototropism) and gravity(gravitropism)

68
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

Auxin is produced in the tips and moves backwards to stimulate the cell elongation process which occurs in the cells just behind the tips.
If the tip of a shoot is removed, no auxin is available and the shoot may stop growing.
Extra auxin promotes growth in the shoot but inhibits growth in the root-producing the desired result.

69
Q

What happens when a shoot tip is exposed to light?

A

More auxin accumulates on the side that’s in the shade than the side that’s in the light. This makes the cell grow faster on the shaded side, so the shoot bends towards the light.

70
Q

How does gravity affect shoot growth?

A

When a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin on the lower side.
This causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards.

71
Q

How does gravity affect root growth?

A

A root growing sideways will also have more auxin on its lower side.
But in a root the extra auxin inhibits growth. This means the cells on top elongate faster, and the root bends downwards.

72
Q

How do you investiagre plant growth responses to light ?(practical method)

A

Put 10 cress seeds in three different petri dishes, each lined with moist filter paper.(label dishes A,B,C)
Shine a light onto one of the dishes from above and two of the dishes from different directions.
Leave your cress seeds alone for one week until you can observe their responses and you will find the seedlings grow towards the light.

73
Q

How do you investiagate the effect of gravity on plant growth?(practicle method)

A

Place four seedlings on damp cotten wool in a petri dish, each with their roots pointing in a different direction, and store the petri dish vertically for a few days in the dark. You should find that the roots of each seedling grow downwards

74
Q

How to make sure the growth response is due to light only, what other variables should you control?

A
  • Number of seeds(use the same number of seeds in each dish)
  • Type of seed(use seeds that all come from the same pocket)
  • Temperature(keep your petri dish in a place where the temperature is stable, away from heat sources)
  • Water(use a measuring cyclinder to add the same amount of water)
  • Light intensity(keep the distance between the bulb and dish the same)
75
Q

What are the uses of auxins?

A

Killing weeds, growing from cuttings with rooting powder, growing cells in a tissue culture

76
Q

Explain the use of auxins in killing weeds?

A

Most weeds growing in fields or crops or in a lawn are broad leaved, in contrast to grasses and cereals which have very narrow leaves. Selective weedkillers have been developed using auxins, which only affect the broad-leaved plants. They totally disrupt their normal growth patterns, which soon kills them, whilst leaving the grass and crops untouched.

77
Q

Explain the use of auxins in growing from cuttings with rooting powder?

A

A cutting is part of a plant that has been cut off it, like the end of a branch with a few leaves on it. Normally if you stick cuttings in the soil they won’t grow, but if you add rooting powder, which contains auxins, they will produce roots rapidly and start growing as new plants. This enables growers to produce lots of clones of a really good plant really quickly.

78
Q

Explain the use of auxins in growing cells in tissue culture?

A

Tissue culture can be used to grow clones of a plant from a few of its cells. To do this, hormones such as auxins need to be added to the growth medium to stimulate the cells to divide to form both roots and shoots.

79
Q

What is gibberellin?

A

Gibberellin is another type of plant hormone. It stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering

80
Q

What is ethene?

A

Ethene is a gas produced by aging parts of the plant. It influences the growth of the plant by controlling cell division. It also stimulates enzymes that cause fruit to ripen.

81
Q

What are the uses of ethene?

A

Commercially, it can be used to speed up the ripening of fruits-either while they are still on the plant or during transport to the shops.
This means that fruit, such as banana, can be picked while still unripe. the gas is then added to the fruit on the way to the supermarket so that it will be perfect just as it reached the shelves.
Ripening can also be delayed while the fruit is in storage by adding chemical that block ethenes effect on the fruit or reduce the amount of ethene a fruit can produce. Alternatively, some chemicals can be used that react with ethene to remove it from the air.

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