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Biology - Module 5 > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

control of body temp

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2
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

control of water potential

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3
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by endocrine gland + transported in blood

alter activity of one or more specific target organs

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4
Q

what is a gland

A

group of cells that secrete (produce + release) hormones

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones

A

peptide hormones

steroid hormones

amino acid derivative hormones

OR

steroid vs non-steroid hormones

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6
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

how do steroid hormones carry out their function

A

lipid soluble – pass through membrane

bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm

form hormone-receptor complex

act as transcription factor = facilitates / inhibits transcription

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8
Q

what are non steroid hormones made from

A

amino acid / peptides

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9
Q

how do non steroid hormones carry out their function

A

hydrophilic / water-soluble

receptors on surface of cell membrane

enzyme cascade

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10
Q

examples of steroid hormones - 5

A

testosterone

oestrogen

progesterone

cortisol

aldosterone

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11
Q

examples of non-steroid hormones - 5

A

insulin

glucagon

adrenaline

noradrenaline

ADH

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12
Q

compare hormonal + nervous system

  • how they communicate
  • how they transmit
  • speed of transmission
  • targets
  • response
  • response speed
  • effect
A
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13
Q

where are the 2 adrenal glands found

A

top of each kidney

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14
Q

how large are adrenal glands

A

approx. 3cm in height + 5cm in length

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15
Q

state the 3 main structures of the adrenal glands

A

capsule

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

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16
Q

what is the capsule

A

fibrous layer that surrounds adrenal glands

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17
Q

what is the adrenal cortex

A

outer region of glands

produces hormones vital to life – cortisol + aldosterone

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18
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

inner region of glands

produces non-essential hormones – adrenaline

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19
Q

what controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

pituitary glands

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20
Q

state the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol

corticosterone

androgens - oestrogen + progesterone

aldosterone

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21
Q

what type of hormone is cortisol

A

steroid hormone

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22
Q

what is the main function of cortisol

A

regulates metabolism by controlling how body converts fats / proteins / carbs into energy

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23
Q

describe the effects of cortisol

A

can stimulate gluconeogenesis = maintain blood glucose levels

can inhibit glucose uptake by tissue other than brain

regulates blood pressure

regulates cardiovascular function in response to stress

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24
Q

what is the main function of corticosterone

A

works with cortisol to regulate immune system + supress inflammatory reactions

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25
Q

what is the release of corticosterone from the cortex controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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26
Q

what type of hormone are androgens

A

steroid hormones

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27
Q

effects of androgens

A

development of sexual attributes

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28
Q

what type of hormone is aldosterone

A

?

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29
Q

what are the effects / function of aldosterone

A

regulates sodium + potassium ion levels

maintain blood pressure + pH balance

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30
Q

when are hormones from the adrenal medulla released

A

when sympathetic nervous system stimulates the medulla

in times of fight or flight

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31
Q

state the hormones released from the medulla

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

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32
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline

A

non steroid

33
Q

what are the effects of adrenaline

A

prepares for fight or flight

increases heart rate

increases blood pressure

vasodilation / vasoconstriction

diverts blood away from digestive system to muscles

dilates smooth muscles in airway – increase airflow

increases blood glucose levels – stimulates break down of glycogen + inhibits insulin secretion from pancreas

34
Q

what type of hormone is noradrenaline

A

non steroid

35
Q

what are the effects of noradrenaline

A

increased heart rate

widening of pupils

widening of air passages in lungs

diverts blood to muscles

36
Q

difference between adrenaline + noradrenaline

A

?

37
Q

where is the pancreas found

A

upper abdomen

38
Q

what type of functions can the pancreas carry out - 2

A

endocrine + exocrine

39
Q

what is the majority of tissue of the pancreas

A

exocrine glandular tissue

40
Q

what is the main function of the exocrine tissue in the pancreas

A

to produce digestive enzymes + pancreatic juice (alkaline fluid)

41
Q

what happens after the digestive juice is secreted from the exocrine pancreatic tissue

A

these secreted into ducts which leads to pancreatic duct

then released into duodenum (top part of small intestine)

42
Q

what is in the pancreatic juice

A

pancreatic amylases – break down starch into simple sugar

trypsin (protease) – break down proteins into amino acids

pancreatic lipases – break down lipids into fatty acids + glycerol

43
Q

where is the pancreatic endocrine tissue found

A

in exocrine tissue there are small sections of endocrine tissue

44
Q

what is the overall purpose of pancreatic endocrine tissue

A

produce insulin + glucagon

45
Q

whats the name of exocrine tissue in the pancreas

A

pancreatic acini

46
Q

whats the name of endocrine tissue in the pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

47
Q

describe the histology of islets of langerhans

A

lightly stained

large spherical clusters

48
Q

describe the histology of pancreatic acini

A

darker stained

small berry like clusters

48
Q

what are the two types of cells in the islets of langerhans

A

alpha

beta

49
Q

what do alpha + beta cells secret

A

alpha - glucagon

beta - insulin

50
Q

histological difference between alpha + beta cells

A

alpha cells larger + more numerous than beta cells within an islet

need differential staining to differentiate between the two

51
Q

what functions increases blood glucose conc

A

Diet – carbohydrates broken down to glucose

Glycogenolysis – glycogen stored in the liver + muscle cells broken down into glucose

Gluconeogenesis – production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g form glycerol + amino acids

52
Q

what functions decreases blood glucose conc

A

Respiration – higher levels of physical activity, higher demand for glucose

Glycogenesis – production of glycogen from excess glucose stored in liver

53
Q

main role of insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose concentration

54
Q

how does insulin lower blood conc

A

Increasing rate of absorption of glucose – especially skeletal muscle cells

Increasing respiratory rate of cells – increases demand for glucose

Increasing rate of glycogenesis – stores glycogen into liver + muscle cells

Increasing rate of glucose into fat conversion

Inhibiting release of glucagon from alpha cells

55
Q

is insulin broken down

A

yes by the liver

56
Q

what type of feedback is blood glucose control

A

negative feedback

57
Q

which cells have insulin receptors

A

most - except RBC

58
Q

what is the main role of glucagon

A

raise blood glucose concentration

59
Q

which cells have glucagon receptors

A

only liver and fat cells

60
Q

how does glucagon increase blood conc

A

Glycogenolysis – liver breaks down glycogen store into glucose

Reducing amount of glucose absorbed by liver cells

Increasing gluconeogenesis

61
Q

describe the process of how the secretion of glucagon results in glycogenolysis

A

Secreted by alpha cells

Binds to receptors in cell surface membranes of liver cells

Causes conformational change in receptor protein

Activates G protein

Activates adenylyl cyclase

Catalyses conversion of ATP to secondary messenger – cAMP

cAMP binds to + activates protein kinase A enzyme

activate phosphorylase kinase enzymes by adding phosphate group to them

activate glycogen phosphorylase enzymes

catalyse breakdown of glycogen to glucose

62
Q

describe how insulin secretion is controlled when glucose level is stable

A

normal levels of glucose – potassium channels in membrane of beta cells are open

potassium ions diffuse out of cell

inside cell = -70mV

63
Q

describe how insulin secretion is controlled when glucose level is increased

A

when glucose rises – glucose enters beta cells by glucose transporter

glucose metabolised in mitochondria – produce ATP

ATP binds to potassium channels + causes them to close
(ATP sensitive potassium channels)

Potassium ion stay in cell – depolarises cell to -30mV

Voltage gated calcium channels to open

Calcium ions enter cell + cause secretory vesicles to release insulin by exocytosis

64
Q

how does insulin increase uptake of glucose by cells - mechanism

A

Rate of glucose uptake limited by number of glucose transporter protein

Insulin binds to specific receptors on membranes of target cell

Causes them to activate more glucose transporter proteins

Increases permeability to glucose

Rate of facilitated diffusion increases

65
Q

target cells of insulin

A

muscle cells

fast storage cells

adipose tissue

liver cells

66
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

when the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin

67
Q

what type of disease is type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune

normally begins in childhood

68
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

Receptors reduced in number // do not work properly– body cant respond to insulin

Reduced glucose uptake in liver + fat storage tissues

High blood glucose concentration

Cause beta cells to produce larger amounts of insulin – damages cells

69
Q

what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity + Physical inactivity

High blood pressure

High blood cholesterol

Genetics + ethnic groups

70
Q

describe the treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

Fast-acting / slow-acting insulin

Insulin dependent – controlled by insulin injections

71
Q

what happens if you inject too much insulin

A

hypoglacaemia

Too low blood glucose conc

Unconsciousness

72
Q

what happens if you inject too little insulin

A

hyperglacaemia

Death + unconsciousness

73
Q

treatments for type 2 diabetes

A

Sugar + fat-controlled diet

Exercise regime

Drugs that stimulate insulin production

Drugs that slow down rate at which body absorbs glucose from intestine

Insulin injections

74
Q

where did insulin use to come from

A

pancreas of cows / pigs

75
Q

what are the benefits of using human insulin

A

Produced in pure form – less likely to cause allergic reaction

Insulin can be produced more

Cheaper

ethics

76
Q

what are some potential treatments for diabetes

A

stem cells

77
Q

how can stem cells be used to treat diabetes

A

totipotent stem cells – from embryos

grow into pancreatic beta cells in islets of Langerhans

transplanted into pancreas – replace damaged cells

Biology - Module 5 (8 decks)

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