Hoofdstuk 10 Flashcards
Reasoning
The processes by which we use our memories.
Intelligence
Our general capacity to reason.
Dual-processing theories
When it comes to solving problems, people have two general ways of proceeding.
When it comes to solving problems, people have two general ways of proceeding.
- Fast thinking
- Slow thinking
The two kinds of reasoning that depend on identifying similarities:
- Analogical reasoning
- Inductive reasoning
Analogy -> normally
Any perceived similarities between otherwise different objects, actions, events, or situations.
Analogy -> psychology
A similarity in behaviour, function, or relationship between entities or situationships that are in other respects, quite different from each other.
Inductive reasoning, hypotheses construction
The attempt to infer some new principle or proposition from observations or facts that serve as clues.
Scientific reasoning
Generating hypotheses about how something in the world works and then systematically testing those hypotheses.
Metacognition
The ability to think about thinking or to reflect upon what you know.
Availability bias
When we reason, we tend to rely too strongly on information that is really available to us and to ignore information that is less available.
Conformation bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.
Extravert
Socially outgoing.
Introvert
Socially withdrawn.
Predictable-world bias
Revolves around the inclination to perceive order where it has not been proved to exist, either ar all or at a particular level of abstraction.
Maximizing
A style of decision-making characterized by seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives.
Matching
Matches the probability.
Deductive reasoning
The attempt to derive logically the consequences that must be true if certain premises are accepted as true.
Types of problems where people use deductive reasoning:
- Series problems
- Syllogism
Series problems
Requires you to organize items into a series on the basis of a set of comparison statements and then arrive at a conclusion that was not contained in any single statement.
Syllogism
Presents a major premise or proposition and a minor premise that you must combine mentally to see if a particular conclusion is true, false or indetermined.
Deontic reasoning
Reasoning about what one may, should, or ought to do.
Insight problems
Problems that are specifically designed to be unsolvable until one looks at them in a way that is different from the usual way.
Mental set
A well-established habit of perception or thought.
Functional fixedness
The failure to see an object as having function other than it’s usual one.
Design stance
People readily assume that tools are designed for an intended function.
Incubation period
The time you take off for an insight problem.
Priming
The activation of a mental concept to a level that does not reach the level of consciousness, but that nevertheless makes that concept more available for forming connection to other concepts.
Broaden-and-build theory
Negative emotions tend to narrow one’s focus of perception and thought.
