Honors Biology Exam Review Flashcards
Who in 1919 looked at Nucleotide Structure and noticed the Nitrogen-Base-Sugar-Phosphate
Phoebus Levene
Who in 1929 noticed that DNA carries genetic information. Found this through Smooth and Rough Pneumococcus.
Frederich Griffith
Who noticed in 1937 that DNA has regular structure by using x-ray diffusion.
William Astbury
Who in 1952 Confirmed that DNA carried Genetic Information
Alfred Hersey and Martha Chase
Who in 1952 used X-ray diffraction and on the 51st photo the double helix model was discovered.
Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling
Who made the first double helix model based on Photo 51
James Watson and Francis Crick
Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell
The DNA is found in the cytoplasm
Where is the DNA found in a eukaryotic cells.
It is found in the Nucleolus
True of False
-Prokaryotes have more DNA that Eukaryotes
False
-Eukaryotes usually contain more DNA
What is a Polymer
Made up of a string of amino acids folded up
Name all four Nitrogen Bases.
- Adenine (Purine)
- Guanine (Purine)
- Thymine (Pyrimidine)
- Cytosine (Pyrimidine)
What is the difference between Purines and Pyrimidines?
Purines are larger than Pyrimidines
What is the name of the enzyme that opens or unzips the DNA
Helicase
Name the other enzyme that assists in duplication of the missing side
DNA Polymerase
What is a Gene?
A region or part of a strand of DNA
What is the differences between RNA bases and DNA bases
RNA has no Thymine instead they have another protein called Uracil
What are the 3 types of RNA
- mRNA
- rRNA
- tRNA
Carries instructions for assembling proteins.
mRNA
Ribosomes of the “Decoder Ring”
rRNA
Transfers Amino Acids to Ribosome
tRNA
Who in 1869 looked at the Pus in Surgical Bandages
Friedrich Miescher
Who in 1822-1824 discovered the concept of genetic by wworking with pea plants.
Gregor Johann Mendel
P generation
The Original Plants
F1 or First Filial
First set of offspring
F2 or Second Filial
Second Set of Offfspring
A pair of factors is segregated/separated during female Gamete formation.
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
Factors that Separate Independent of one another during Gamete formation.
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
Likelihood a particular event will occur
Probablility
Both alleles are the same
ex. AA, CC, EE
Homozygous
The Alleles are different
ex. Aa, Cc, Ee
Hetrozygous
Genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
The physical appearance of an organism
Phenotype
Neither Allele is dominant
3 possible Phenotypes
ex. Black, White, and Black/White mix
Co-Dominance
Neither allele is dominant
3 possible phenotypes
3rd phenotype blends
ex. Red, White, and Pink
Incomplete Dominance
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Chromosome Mutations
Loss of a piece of a piece of a chromosome
Deletion
Base pairs switch order
Inversion
Base pairs added from another strand
Translocation
Chromosome fails to separate during Meiosis
Nondisjunction
Name the three types of Pedigrees
- Autosomal Dominant
- Autosomal Recessive
- Sex Linked
Development of new types of organisms from previously existing types of organisms over time.
Evolution
Layers of Rock
Strata
Who reconstructed appearances from fossils. Also came up with Catastrophism.
Georges Cuvier
Sudden geologic catastrophes caused extinction of a large grroup of organisms in the past.
Catastrophism
Was similar to Cuvier, but same processes currently at work.
Charles Lyell
Noticed Change Over Time and that Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Jean Baptist Lamarck
Famous scientist that came up with the idea of Natural Selection. His ship was the Beagle.
Charles Darwin
4 Characteristics of Natural Selection
- Overproduction
- Genetic variation
- Struggle for Survival
- Differential Reproduction
Sediments are youngest on top, oldest on bottom
Principle of Superposition
Sediments deposited in nearly Horizontal Beds
Principle of Original Horizontality
Layers of Rock may not be fractured and moved unless the layers exist.
Principle of Crosscutting Relationships
Sediments deposited laterally in all directions
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Organisms look similar but are not closely related.
ex. birds and bats
Convergent Evolution
Related but do not look alike
ex. Humans and Bats
Divergent Evolution
When Humans pick certain traits
ex. Dog Breeds
Artificial Selection
Species evolve to each other’s influence
Co-evoloution
Who created the system of taxonomy using 7 levels
Carolous Linnaeus
Tree-like diagram depicting relationships between taxonomy cladistics
Phylogenetic Diagram
Who developed Cladistics using shared and derived charcters
Willi Henning
Who developed the idea of creating Domains
Carol Woese
Name all of the Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Anamalia
Name all of the Phylums of Kingdom Anamalia
Porifera Cnidaria Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca Chordata Platyhelminthes
Name all organisms that fall under Phylum Porferia
Sponges and other Sedentary Aquatic Organsims
What is a characteristic of Fungi
Some can be bioluminescent
What are the organisms in Phylum Cnadaria
Corals and Jellyfish
What is the name of the stinging cell of a Cnidarian.
Cnydocite
What are the organisms in Phylum Platyhelminthes
Planarians, Flatworms, Flukes, and Tapeworms
What are the organisms in Phylum Annelida
Earthworms, Ragworms, and Leeches
Name the three sub-groups of Phylum Arthopoda
Crustacea
Chelicerata
Tracheata
Name the three groups in Phylum Mollusca
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda
Bilava
Name the 5 characteristics of Phylum Cordata
- Post Anal Tail
- Dorsal Nerve Chord
- Endostyle
- Pharyngeal Slits
- Notochord
Study of interaction between living organisms and the no living components of their ecosystem.
Ecology
The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems
Biosphere
Community and it’s non living surroundings
Ecosystem
Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
Population
Individual living thing
Organism
Tissues, Organs, and organ systems
Groups of cells
The smallest function of life
Cell
Groups of atoms
Molecules
Living components
Biotic
Non-living components
Abiotic
The conditions in which an organism can survive
Range of Tolerance
Process in which and organism can adjust their tolerance
Acclimation
Change with the environment
Conformers
Use energy to control internal conditions
Regulator
Eats almost everything
Generalist
Eats only one specific thing
Specialist
The amount of energy an organism receives on each level
10%
What are the 5 possible interactions
Mutualism (++) Commensalism(+, 0) Parasitism(+,-) Predation(+,-) Competition(-,-)
Number of species in a community
Richness
Events that change and alter communities
Disturbances
The Tendency of a community to maintain constant conditions
Stability
Name the 4 aquatic ecosystems
- Oceans
- Estuaries
- Lakes, Ponds
- Rivers, Streams
Sunlit, Active Photosynthesis. Where most commercial fishing takes place.
Neretic Zone
Represents 90% of the ocean surface but only represents 10%
Euphotic Zone
Semi-Darkness, no photosynthesis
Bathyal Zone
Pitch dark and no photosynthesis
Abyssal Zone
The four regions of a lake
Littoral
Limnetic
Profundal
Benthetic
(All in order)
Same sequence before and after the mutation
Frame shift Mutation
Codons are altered
Point Mutation
