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Honors Biology Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Who in 1919 looked at Nucleotide Structure and noticed the Nitrogen-Base-Sugar-Phosphate

A

Phoebus Levene

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2
Q

Who in 1929 noticed that DNA carries genetic information. Found this through Smooth and Rough Pneumococcus.

A

Frederich Griffith

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3
Q

Who noticed in 1937 that DNA has regular structure by using x-ray diffusion.

A

William Astbury

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4
Q

Who in 1952 Confirmed that DNA carried Genetic Information

A

Alfred Hersey and Martha Chase

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5
Q

Who in 1952 used X-ray diffraction and on the 51st photo the double helix model was discovered.

A

Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling

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6
Q

Who made the first double helix model based on Photo 51

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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7
Q

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell

A

The DNA is found in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Where is the DNA found in a eukaryotic cells.

A

It is found in the Nucleolus

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9
Q

True of False

-Prokaryotes have more DNA that Eukaryotes

A

False

-Eukaryotes usually contain more DNA

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10
Q

What is a Polymer

A

Made up of a string of amino acids folded up

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11
Q

Name all four Nitrogen Bases.

A
  1. Adenine (Purine)
  2. Guanine (Purine)
  3. Thymine (Pyrimidine)
  4. Cytosine (Pyrimidine)
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12
Q

What is the difference between Purines and Pyrimidines?

A

Purines are larger than Pyrimidines

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13
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that opens or unzips the DNA

A

Helicase

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14
Q

Name the other enzyme that assists in duplication of the missing side

A

DNA Polymerase

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15
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A region or part of a strand of DNA

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16
Q

What is the differences between RNA bases and DNA bases

A

RNA has no Thymine instead they have another protein called Uracil

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A
  1. mRNA
  2. rRNA
  3. tRNA
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18
Q

Carries instructions for assembling proteins.

A

mRNA

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19
Q

Ribosomes of the “Decoder Ring”

A

rRNA

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20
Q

Transfers Amino Acids to Ribosome

A

tRNA

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21
Q

Who in 1869 looked at the Pus in Surgical Bandages

A

Friedrich Miescher

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22
Q

Who in 1822-1824 discovered the concept of genetic by wworking with pea plants.

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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23
Q

P generation

A

The Original Plants

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24
Q

F1 or First Filial

A

First set of offspring

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25
F2 or Second Filial
Second Set of Offfspring
26
A pair of factors is segregated/separated during female Gamete formation.
Mendel's Law of Segregation
27
Factors that Separate Independent of one another during Gamete formation.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
28
Likelihood a particular event will occur
Probablility
29
Both alleles are the same | ex. AA, CC, EE
Homozygous
30
The Alleles are different | ex. Aa, Cc, Ee
Hetrozygous
31
Genetic makeup of an organism
Genotype
32
The physical appearance of an organism
Phenotype
33
Neither Allele is dominant 3 possible Phenotypes ex. Black, White, and Black/White mix
Co-Dominance
34
Neither allele is dominant 3 possible phenotypes 3rd phenotype blends ex. Red, White, and Pink
Incomplete Dominance
35
Deletion Inversion Translocation Nondisjunction
Chromosome Mutations
36
Loss of a piece of a piece of a chromosome
Deletion
37
Base pairs switch order
Inversion
38
Base pairs added from another strand
Translocation
39
Chromosome fails to separate during Meiosis
Nondisjunction
40
Name the three types of Pedigrees
1. Autosomal Dominant 2. Autosomal Recessive 3. Sex Linked
41
Development of new types of organisms from previously existing types of organisms over time.
Evolution
42
Layers of Rock
Strata
43
Who reconstructed appearances from fossils. Also came up with Catastrophism.
Georges Cuvier
44
Sudden geologic catastrophes caused extinction of a large grroup of organisms in the past.
Catastrophism
45
Was similar to Cuvier, but same processes currently at work.
Charles Lyell
46
Noticed Change Over Time and that Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Jean Baptist Lamarck
47
Famous scientist that came up with the idea of Natural Selection. His ship was the Beagle.
Charles Darwin
48
4 Characteristics of Natural Selection
1. Overproduction 2. Genetic variation 3. Struggle for Survival 4. Differential Reproduction
49
Sediments are youngest on top, oldest on bottom
Principle of Superposition
50
Sediments deposited in nearly Horizontal Beds
Principle of Original Horizontality
51
Layers of Rock may not be fractured and moved unless the layers exist.
Principle of Crosscutting Relationships
52
Sediments deposited laterally in all directions
Principle of Lateral Continuity
53
Organisms look similar but are not closely related. | ex. birds and bats
Convergent Evolution
54
Related but do not look alike | ex. Humans and Bats
Divergent Evolution
55
When Humans pick certain traits | ex. Dog Breeds
Artificial Selection
56
Species evolve to each other's influence
Co-evoloution
57
Who created the system of taxonomy using 7 levels
Carolous Linnaeus
58
Tree-like diagram depicting relationships between taxonomy cladistics
Phylogenetic Diagram
59
Who developed Cladistics using shared and derived charcters
Willi Henning
60
Who developed the idea of creating Domains
Carol Woese
61
Name all of the Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya
Protista Fungi Plantae Anamalia
62
Name all of the Phylums of Kingdom Anamalia
``` Porifera Cnidaria Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca Chordata Platyhelminthes ```
63
Name all organisms that fall under Phylum Porferia
Sponges and other Sedentary Aquatic Organsims
64
What is a characteristic of Fungi
Some can be bioluminescent
65
What are the organisms in Phylum Cnadaria
Corals and Jellyfish
66
What is the name of the stinging cell of a Cnidarian.
Cnydocite
67
What are the organisms in Phylum Platyhelminthes
Planarians, Flatworms, Flukes, and Tapeworms
68
What are the organisms in Phylum Annelida
Earthworms, Ragworms, and Leeches
69
Name the three sub-groups of Phylum Arthopoda
Crustacea Chelicerata Tracheata
70
Name the three groups in Phylum Mollusca
Gastropoda Cephalopoda Bilava
71
Name the 5 characteristics of Phylum Cordata
1. Post Anal Tail 2. Dorsal Nerve Chord 3. Endostyle 4. Pharyngeal Slits 5. Notochord
72
Study of interaction between living organisms and the no living components of their ecosystem.
Ecology
73
The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems
Biosphere
74
Community and it's non living surroundings
Ecosystem
75
Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
Population
76
Individual living thing
Organism
77
Tissues, Organs, and organ systems
Groups of cells
78
The smallest function of life
Cell
79
Groups of atoms
Molecules
80
Living components
Biotic
81
Non-living components
Abiotic
82
The conditions in which an organism can survive
Range of Tolerance
83
Process in which and organism can adjust their tolerance
Acclimation
84
Change with the environment
Conformers
85
Use energy to control internal conditions
Regulator
86
Eats almost everything
Generalist
87
Eats only one specific thing
Specialist
88
The amount of energy an organism receives on each level
10%
89
What are the 5 possible interactions
``` Mutualism (++) Commensalism(+, 0) Parasitism(+,-) Predation(+,-) Competition(-,-) ```
90
Number of species in a community
Richness
91
Events that change and alter communities
Disturbances
92
The Tendency of a community to maintain constant conditions
Stability
93
Name the 4 aquatic ecosystems
1. Oceans 2. Estuaries 3. Lakes, Ponds 4. Rivers, Streams
94
Sunlit, Active Photosynthesis. Where most commercial fishing takes place.
Neretic Zone
95
Represents 90% of the ocean surface but only represents 10%
Euphotic Zone
96
Semi-Darkness, no photosynthesis
Bathyal Zone
97
Pitch dark and no photosynthesis
Abyssal Zone
98
The four regions of a lake
Littoral Limnetic Profundal Benthetic (All in order)
99
Same sequence before and after the mutation
Frame shift Mutation
100
Codons are altered
Point Mutation

Exam Review (4 decks)

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