Honors Biology Flashcards
What are the three subatomic particles and what is their electric charge?
Proton - positive charge
Electron - negative charge
Neutron - Neutrally charge
Homeostasis
Maintaining internal conditions
Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic- not attracted to water
Hydrophilic- attracted to water
The law of biogenesis
All life comes from life
What are the three types of energy?
Kinetic energy, potential energy, radiant energy
What are the three great transcendentals?
Goodness, beauty, and truth
A paradigm is a way of seeing and doing something, true or false
True
Covalent bonds
A molecular bond where electrons are shared
Ionic bonds
A molecular Bond where atoms give and take electrons
What is the order of organizing life?
-Domain. (Did)
-Kingdom. (King)
-Phyla. (Philip)
-Classes. (Come)
-Orders. (Over)
-Familes. (For)
-Genus. (Good)
- Species (Soup)
What are five scientific characteristics of life?
- Life reproduces
- Life reacts to stimuli
- Life maintains homeostasis
- Life needs food and water
- Life makes adaptions
What are the properties of water?
- water is very dense (denser than ice)
- water possesses amazing surface tension
- water is known as the universal solvent because it is very good at dissolving things
- water has a very high heat capacity (that means it’s very hard to change its temperature)
- Water often in liquid form
- water is very sticky
Give two examples of how the adhesive and cohesive properties of water allow for Life as we know it
-They allow for precipitation
-They allow for due on plant roots which help plants grow
What are the four groups of biomolecules?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
What three elements are found in every carbohydrate?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (cho)
Which three elements are found in every lipid?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (cho)
Which elements are found in proteins?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium (cho nss)
What elements are found in nucleic acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (cho np)
What are the monomers of the polymer macromolecules?
Proteins- made of amino acids
Lipids - fatty acids and glycerol
Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA made of nucleotides
Carbohydrate- monosaccharides (like glucose, fructose, and other sugars)
What is Lactose?
Dimer: found in milk
What is Starch?
Polymer; energy storage in plants
What is Sucrose?
Dimer: table sugar
What is Glucose?
Monomer: common fuel source for life
What is Fructose?
Monomer: very sweet, found in fruit
What is Cellulose?
Polymer; make structure of plant parts
What is Chitin?
Polymer; insect exoskeletons
What is Glycogen?
Polymer; energy storage in animals
What is Rubisco?
C Protein
What is an Enzyme?
Protein
What is Sugar?
Carbohydrate
What is DNA?
Nucleic acid
What is Triglyceride?
Lipid
What is RNA?
Nucleic acid
What is a Steroid?
Lipid
What is a Phospholipid?
Lipid
What is Rubisco?
Crucial enzyme for photosynthesis
What is Melanin?
Human skin pigment
What is Keratin?
Makes your hair, bird beaks, and more
What is Collagen?
Structural protein in meat
What is Myoglobin?
Carries oxygen in muscle
What is Hemoglobin?
Carries oxygen in blood
What is Albumin?
Egg-white protein, used in cooking
What organelle is responsible for ‘gate-keeping’ the cell?
Cell Membrane
What is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell?
Mitochondria
Which organelle houses DNA?
Nucleus
What organelle is the protein production plant?
Ribosome
What rigid organelle is responsible for maintaining cellular shape?
Cell Wall
What organelle is the ‘food processor’ of the cell?
Lysosome
This organelle is essentially a membrane bubble filled with any number of important materials
Vesicle
This organelle is simply a network of membranes in the cell. It may or may not have ribosomes built into it
Endoplasmic reticulum
These structures are useful for applying force to the environment from motion of either the cell or other objects
Cilia
This organelle is a whip-like tail used to move around
Flagella
This is the protein packaging center of the cell
Golgi apparatus
This organelle is only found in plants and plant-like microorganisms. It is the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
What is the watery goo inside the cell where organelles float?
Cytoplasm
Do plants have cell walls? Do you have cell walls?
Plants have cell walls.
Humans don’t have cell walls
What are the three tenets of cell theory?
- All cells are made of one or more cells
- cells are the basic unit of life
- All cells come from other cells
What is a eukaryote cell?
More complicated than prokaryotes
These cells make up proteins, plants, fungi, animals, and people
What is a prokaryote cell?
Less complicated than eukaryote cells
These cells are bacteria
Autotroph
A creature able to make its own food
Heterotroph
A creature that must eat other creatures
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
Reactants- glucose, oxygen
Products- energy, carbon dioxide, water
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Reactants- energy, carbon dioxide, water
Products- glucose, oxygen
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Cover and protect the body
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Make more bodies
What is the function of the digestive system?
Break food into glucose and other things
What is the function of the excretory system?
Remove unwanted cell metabolism waste
What is the function of the muscular system?
Move the body and make heat
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Produce blood and offer support
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transport blood
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Acquire oxygen for cell metabolism
What is the function of the nervous system?
Control the body
What is the function of the immune system?
Defend the body
What is the function of meristem tissue in plants?
This tissue allows plants to grow.
What is the function of dermal tissue in plants?
This tissue covers plants.
What is the function of muscular tissue?
This tissue works by contracting.
What carries water in plants?
This carries water in plants.
What includes parenchyma in plants?
This includes parenchyma in plants.
What is fungal tissue?
This is fungal tissue.
What covers animals?
This tissue covers animals.
What is a mass of fungal tissue?
This is a mass of fungal tissue.
What includes blood in humans?
This includes blood in humans.
What allows communication in tissues?
This tissue allows communication.
Cardiovascular
Transport blood
Respiratory
Acquire oxygen for cell metabolism
Skeletal
Produce blood and offer support
Muscular
Move the body and make heat
Nervous
Control the body
Endocrine
Make hormones
Immune
Defend the body
Reproductive
Make more bodies
Digestive
Break food into glucose and other things
Excretory
Remove unwanted cell metabolism waste
Integumentary
Cover and protect the body
Stomach
This tube goes from mouth to stomach
Pancreas
Makes the enzymes needed for digestion
Small intestine
Absorbs most of food’s nutrients
Large intestine
Removes water from feces before ‘going’
Esophagus
Tube, goes from mouth to stomach
Anus
The back door, exit only
Pharynx
Rear of mouth: food and air both go here
Testis
Male primary sex organ
Ovaries
Female primary sex organ
Vagina
The penis goes here during sex
Penis
This tube is used for only urine in females
Vas deferens
This tube carries sperm inside a male
Fallopian tubes
This tube carries eggs in a female
Uterus
This is where babies grow inside mom
Urethra
Enables sperm to be put into a vagina
Lungs
Organs where gases are exchanged
Alveoli
The building blocks of lungs
Trachea
This is your windpipe
Bronchi
These tubes split into bronchioles
Larynx
Voice box
Diaphragm
This is a muscle, but it helps you breathe
What is a red blood cell?
A cell that carries oxygen.
What is a white blood cell?
These kill invaders and keep you safe.
What is an artery?
This carries blood away from the heart.
What is a vein?
This carries blood to the heart.
What is a capillary?
Gas (O2, CO2) gets exchanged here.
What is plasma?
The liquid part of blood.
What are platelets?
These help blood clot if you are cut.
What is the heart?
It’s a fancy, living pump.
What is a genotype? What is a phenotype?
Genotype- genes behind the scenes
Phenotype- what you can see
What are the three subfields of genetics?
Classic genetics
Molecular genetics
Population genetics
What are Mendel’s postulates?
-Unit Factors come in pairs
- Dominance/ Recessive
- Segregation
What is mitosis?
The process by which the cell makes more cells, nuclear division ( of a cell, not atom)
What do DNA mRNA and tRNA stand for and what do they do?
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, blueprint of our body
mRNA - messenger ribonucleic acid, is copied by RNA polymerase, edited by enzymes, and then is ready by ribosomes
tRNA- transfer ribonucleic acid, fit into mRNAs and transfers the “info” to amino acids
What are the forming enzymes that govern DNA replication?
Dna helicase- “unzips” DNA helix
Gyrase- relieves tension
Primase- tells DNA polymerase where to start copying
Polymerase- copies DNA and proofreads its work
Ligase- binds the loose ends of a DNA together
