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Hon A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the body functions.

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the body structure.

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2
Q

Movement

A

The organism’s, cell’s, or organelles’ ability to move substances.

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3
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to detect and to respond to internal and external stimuli.

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4
Q

Growth

A

Growth in size OR number of cells.

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

New cells OR organisms produced.

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6
Q

Respiration

A

Releasing energy from foods.

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7
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of macromolecules.

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8
Q

Absorption

A

Moving materials through membranes into bodily fluids.

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9
Q

Assimilation

A

Changing absorbed materials into other compounds to be used in the body.

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9
Q

Nutrients

A

Nutrients are foods, vitamins, and minerals. They are used for cellular respiration, building blocks, and regulating chemical reactions.

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10
Q

Circulation

A

Moving substances throughout the body.

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removing metabolic wastes.

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12
Q

Water

A

Water is used for transport, temperature regulation, and metabolism. Requires an aqueous environment.

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13
Q

Heat

A

Necessary for metabolism, temperature or amount of heat determines the rate of the chemical reaction.

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13
Q

Pressure

A

A certain amount of force is required for breathing (air pressure) and for pumping blood (blood pressure).

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13
Q

Oxygen

A

Used for cellular respiration.

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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15
Q

Some body’s homeostatic mechanisms

A

Temperature, blood sugar, blood pressure, fluid levels, blood ion levels, and oxygen levels.

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15
Q

Negative Feedback

A

An internal change that causes a response that reverses the original response. Body temp, and most body feedback mechanisms are examples of negative feedback.

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16
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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16
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Rare; a response that enhances the original stimulus. Childbirth, induced labor, and blood clotting are examples of positive feedback.

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17
Q

Cranial

A

Houses the brain

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18
Q

Orbital

A

Eye sockets

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18
Q

Middle Ear

A

Inside ear

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18
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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19
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Houses the spinal cord

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20
Q

Abdominal

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, etc.

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21
Q

Thoracic

A

Upper chest area cavity

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22
Q

Mediastinum

A

All of pleural and pericardial

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22
Q

Plueral

A

Houses the lungs

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23
Q

Pelvic

A

Kidneys, bladder, part of intestines, etc.

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23
Q

Which organ systems are function as support and movement?

A

Skeletal and muscular

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24
Q

Which organ systems function as absorption and excretion?

A

Digestive, respiratory, and urinary

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24
Q

Which organ systems function as integration and coordination?

A

Neurons and endocrine

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25
Q

Which organ systems function as protection?

A

Integumentary and immune

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25
Q

Which organ systems function as reproduction?

A

Ovaries and testicles

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25
Q

Which organ systems function as transport?

A

Cardiovascular and lymphatic

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26
Q

Skeletal

A

Bones, ligaments, and cartilage. Specific function is for framework and protection.

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27
Q

Muscular

A

Skeletal muscles. Specific function is contraction for movement.

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28
Q

Neurons

A

Brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. Specific function is to sense changes, send messages, and determine responses.

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29
Q

Endocrine

A

Glands; specific function is to send chemical messages.

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29
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Heart, blood, and vessels; specific function is to circulate materials back to cells.

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30
Q

Digestive

A

GI tract, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; specific function is to break down and absorb nutrients.

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30
Q

Lymphatic

A

Lymph fluid, vessels, and nodes; specific function is to carry body fluids back to blood.

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31
Q

Respiratory

A

Lungs, bronchi, and trachea; specific function is to bring oxygen into blood and take carbon dioxide out of blood.

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32
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back of body

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33
Q

Urinary

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; specific function is to remove waste and excess water.

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34
Q

Integumentary

A

Skin; specific function is to keep outside and inside apart.

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34
Q

Ovaries and Testicles

A

To produce the next generation.

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35
Q

Inferior

A

Away from head

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36
Q

Immune

A

White blood cells, tonsils, and spleen; specific function is to destroy foreign bacteria, viruses, etc.

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37
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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38
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front of body

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39
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

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40
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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41
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the point of attachment

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42
Q

Distal

A

Away from point of attachment

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43
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body

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44
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface of the body

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45
Q

Sagittal

A

Lengthwise plane, left and right sides

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46
Q

Frontal - Anterior

A

Forehead

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46
Q

Coronal/Frontal

A

Lengthwise plane, front and back halves

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46
Q

Transverse

A

Crosswise plane, top and bottom halves

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47
Q

Cephalic - Anterior

A

Head

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48
Q

Orbital - Anterior

A

Eye cavity

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49
Q

Otic - Anterior

A

Ear

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50
Q

Nasal - Anterior

A

Nose

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51
Q

Oral - Anterior

52
Q

Buccal - Anterior

53
Q

Mental - Anterior

54
Q

Acromial - Anterior

55
Q

Axillary - Anterior

56
Q

Sternal - Anterior

A

Center of chest

57
Q

Pectoral - Anterior

58
Q

Mammary - Anterior

59
Q

Antecubital - Anterior

A

Front of elbow

60
Q

Brachial - Anterior

61
Q

Antebrachial - Anterior

A

Forearm region

62
Q

Carpal - Anterior

63
Q

Digital - Anterior

64
Q

Abdominal - Anterior

65
Q

Umbilical - Anterior

66
Q

Cervical - Anterior

67
Q

Inguinal - Anterior

A

Depressed area of hip

68
Q

Coxal - Anterior

A

Hip (side)

69
Q

Genital - Anterior

A

Reproductive organs

70
Q

Patellar - Anterior

A

Front of knee

71
Q

Crural - Anterior

A

Area between knee and ankle (lower leg)

72
Q

Tarsal - Anterior

A

Ankle (instep)

73
Q

Pedal - Anterior

A

Top of foot

74
Q

Occipital - Posterior

A

Lower back head

75
Q

Acromial - Posterior

76
Q

Vertebral - Posterior

A

Spinal column

77
Q

Brachial - Posterior

78
Q

Dorsum - Posterior

79
Q

Cubital - Posterior

80
Q

Lumbar - Posterior

A

Lower back

81
Q

Sacral - Posterior

A

Between hips

82
Q

Perineal - Posterior

A

Between anus and genital

83
Q

Gluteal - Posterior

84
Q

Femoral - Posterior

85
Q

Popliteal - Posterior

A

Behind the knee

86
Q

Crural - Posterior

A

Leg (lower)

87
Q

Plantar - Posterior

A

Sole of foot

88
Q

Tissue

A

Similar cells specialized to carry out a function

89
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

90
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

91
Q

Extracellular Matrix (outside of cell)

A

All material outside of and in between cells (nonliving). Ex: water, macromolecules, etc.)

92
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Covers organs, lines cavities to form barriers. This tissue absorbs, secretes, and excretes.

93
Q

Glandular Tissue

A

Secretes substances needed by the body

94
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

A

Avascular, high mitotic rate, tightly packed, basement membrane and 1 free substance

95
Q

Squamous

A

Thin, flattened cells

96
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube shaped

97
Q

Columnar

A

Tall and elongated

98
Q

Transitional

A

Change shape when stretched

99
Q

Simple squamous

A

Single layer of flat cells
Function: absorption
Ex.: Alveoli of lungs

100
Q

Simple columnar

A

Single layer of tall cells
Function: secretion, absorption, and protection
Ex.: ciliated - lines female fallopian tubes
microvilli - lines small intestine

101
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of cube cells
Function: Secretion and absorption
Ex.: Kidney tubules, salivary glands

102
Q

Pseudo stratified columnar

A

Appear layered but aren’t, usually ciliated with goblet cells
Ex.: respiratory passages

103
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Many layered flat cells
Function: Protection
Ex.: Skin, esophagus

104
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

2 to 3 layers of cube cells
Function: protection
Ex.: lines sweat and salivary glands

105
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Several layers of tall cells
Function: Protection
Ex.: pharynx

106
Q

Transitional

A

Stretches
Function: Protection with ability to change size
Ex.: Lines bladder and uterus

107
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete onto surfaces or cavities
Ex.: Salivary, sweat, ceruminous (ear), sebaceous (skin), pancreas

108
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete into the blood
Ex.: Thyroid, pituitary

109
Q

Secretion

A

Active - produced and needed by the body

110
Q

Excretion

A

Passive - waste leaving the body
Ex.: Sweat

111
Q

Connective tissues

A

Bind structures, support, protection, filler

112
Q

Characteristics of connective tissues

A

Cells inside an ECM, which includes fibers and ground substance, also it is vascular

113
Q

Fibroblast/FIbrocyte

A

Fixed cells that produce matrix fibers

114
Q

Macrophages

A

Wandering cells that remove dead and foreign particles

115
Q

Mast cells

A

Near blood vessels to prevent clotting and participate in allergic response

116
Q

Fibers: Collagenous

A

Thick protein fiber bundles, very strong
Ex.: ligaments, tendons

117
Q

Fibers: Elastic

A

Thin protein fibers that stretch and recoil
Ex.: Skin, vocal cords

118
Q

Fibers: Riticular

A

Thin collagen fibers; branched
Ex.: Spleen, lymph nodes, adipose tissue

119
Q

Loose or Areolar

A

Thin membranes and fills spaces

120
Q

Characteristics of loose and areolar connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts far apart, ECM a gel with many collagen and elastin fibers

121
Q

Location of loose and areolar

A

Found deep to most Epithelial layers
Ex.: Dermis of the skin

122
Q

Adipose

A

Energy storage cells, cushions, and insulates

123
Q

Characteristics of adipose cells

A

Nucleus and organelles pushed to the edge of the cells

124
Q

Location of adipose cells

A

Visceral; between muscles, around heart, kidneys. Subcutaneous: under the skin.

125
Q

What are adipocytes?

126
Q

Dense Tissue Function

A

Flexible strength and connection

127
Q

Characteristics of dense tissue

A

Few cells, ECM of closely packed collagen

128
Q

Location of dense tissue

A

In tendons, ligaments

129
Q

What type of cells are in dense tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

130
Q

Cartilage Function

A

Support, framework, cushioning at joints

131
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A

Cells reside in lacunae (spaces), completely surrounded by a rigid ECM

132
Q

Location and types of cartilage cells

A

Hyaline: Ends of bones
Elastic: Ears, Larynx
Fibrocartilage: Vertebral disks

133
Q

What is the name for cartilage cells?

A

Chondrocytes

134
Q

Bone (osseus connective tissue)

A

Function: supports and protects body, also mineral storage
Characteristics: Rigid ECM of Ca3(Po3)2 and CaCo3, collagen surrounds bone, lacuna
Location: Skeleton

135
Q

What is the name of bone cells?

A

Osteocytes

136
Q

Addition structure of bone

A

Central canal provides transport into the solid matrix; Canaliculi are tunnels between the cells

137
Q

Blood (liquid connective tissue)

A

Function: Transports materials
Characteristics: Fluid ECM (plasma), no fibers
Location: Inside vessels

138
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

139
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

140
Q

Thrombocytes

141
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Functions: Contract to provide movement
Characteristics: Vascular, extremely packed

142
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardial

143
Q

Skeletal

A

Voluntary, attached to bone, striated, multinucleated, elongated cells

144
Q

Smooth

A

Involuntary, no striations, spindle-shaped, mononucleated, located in various organs, blood vessels

145
Q

Cardial

A

Involuntary, striated, branched, mononucleated

146
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Function: Sense changes, transmit impulses, coordinate and integrate body functions
Characteristics: Two types of cells - neurons and neuroglia cells
Location: Concentrated in brain and spinal cord

147
Q

What are the types of membranes?

A

Serious, mucous, cutaneous, synovial

148
Q

Sereous

A

Line internal body cavities and cover organs; secrete fluid
EX: parietal pleura (lungs), meninges (brain)

149
Q

Mucous

A

Line cavities that open to the outside; secrete mucous
EX: respiratory tubes, urinary tubes

150
Q

Cutaneous

151
Q

Synovial

A

Line joints

Flashcards (3 decks)

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