homework review Q's Flashcards
Which of the following functions of plasma-cell secreted antibodies promotes phagocytosis of foreign bacteria?
Opsonization
Histamine is an important signaling molecule in the immune system that directly triggers __________.
blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable
Which of the following cell types carries out humoral immunity?
B cells
Besides helper T cells, what are two other types of cells that HIV infects?
Macrophages and brain cells
Our immune system does not usually attack our own healthy tissues because lymphocytes that target “self” tissue are __________.
destroyed or rendered nonfunctional
Antibodies belong to which class of proteins?
Receptor
In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result?
The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.
Which of the following cells does not play a role in immunity through the phagocytosis of pathogens?
Natural killer cells
Which of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
Which of the following organisms would produce antibodies as part of an immune response?
Whale. Whales, along with other vertebrates, are unique among animals in that they have both adaptive and innate immunity.
Herpes simplex viruses, such as those that cause cold sores, can evade the immune system and persist in the body by __________.
infecting cells and then entering a largely inactive state called latency.
The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as __________.
clonal selection
What are the mechanisms by which antibodies function in immunity?
Activation of complement system
Neutralization of viruses
Opsonization of bacteria
Recruitment of natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected body cells
Which diseases are caused by actions of the immune system?
Crohn’s disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ulcerative colitis
Lupus
When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible.
MHC proteins
Which statement describes what would most likely happen to microbes in the blood?
They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.
Vaccination led to the eradication of the disease ________.
smallpox
Which of the following cells are part of the innate, second line of defense?
Macrophages
Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity ___________.
is conferred by antibodies produced by another individual
Lysozyme plays a role in immunity through _________.
breaking down bacterial cell walls
What is innate immunity?
a rapid response to potential infection and is active immediately upon exposure to a pathogen.
Innate immunity is found in all animals. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Someone infected by chicken pox as a child is unlikely to suffer from this disease a second time. This is due to immunological memory, a reservoir of what type of cells that were generated following the initial exposure?
Both T cells and B cells
Which cells function in triggering the inflammatory response of innate immunity?
Mast cells
Which cells function in the inflammatory response of innate immunity?
Macrophages
Who is credited with performing the first documented immunization?
Edward Jenner
Which cells multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph?
B lymphocytes
The body uses the vitamin A precursors from some foods to make a substance called retinal, which __________.
is a visual pigment that absorbs light
Each human taste bud contains __________.
sensory receptors for each of the five taste types
What is the sequence that traces the path of light into your eyes?
Cornea→ pupil→ lens→ retina
Which part of the eye contains the photoreceptors?
Retina
Which part of the eye is the opening that allows light to pass through the lens to the retina?
Pupil
Which part of the eye is the center of the visual field where there are no rods but a very high density of cones?
Fovea
Which part of the eye acts like a camera’s adjustable aperture and contracts or expands the diameter of the pupil in response to the amount of light?
Iris
Faceted compound eyes of insects are called _________, with some being able to detect ________ waves of the electromagnetic spectrum, which humans cannot detect.
ommatidia; ultraviolet
A cluster of hair cells in both the human inner ear and a fish’s lateral line is found in a structure called the _________.
cupula
Sensory transduction in the human eye triggered by light causes ___________, the hydrolysis of ___________, and the ___________ of Na+ channels.
hyperpolarization; cGMP –> GMP; closing
A person born without otoliths in the ears would be __________.
unable to determine the position of the head with respect to gravity
The round window is found __________.
in the cochlea
The type of sensory receptor that detects pain is called a(n) ___________.
nociceptor
Sitting too close to the amplifiers at a concert may __________.
damage the hair cells in the ears
Invertebrates detect gravity and maintain equilibrium via organs called ________.
statocysts
What does a device that converts one form of energy to another do?
Transduce
A sensory receptor is best described as a(n) ___________.
afferent neuron
The type of receptor(s) that is/are found on the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is/are __________ receptor(s).
a sensory
Vertebrate skeletal muscle contraction is regulated by ________ ions, which interact with ________ in muscle contraction.
Ca2+; the troponin complex
