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BacT > Homework Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Homework Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-Lactams

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2
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)

A

Beta-Lactams

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3
Q

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Sublactams, Carbapenems, Monobactams

A

Beta-Lactams

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4
Q

Oral or injection administration

A

Beta-Lactams

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5
Q

Time dependent killing

A

Beta-Lactams, Tetracycline

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6
Q

Bactriocidal

A

Beta-Lactams, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones

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7
Q

Beta-Lactams resistance mechanisms

A
  • Beta-Lactamase (cleaves ring) production and extended spectrum
  • alterations in penicillin binding proteins
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8
Q

Beta-Lactam synergism

A
  • Use with beta-lactamase inhibitors (clauvlinic acid, sublactam, tazobactam)
  • With aminoglycoside= easier to enter bacterial cell (don’t mix in same syringe)
  • Ticarcilin + quinolones for pseudomonas
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9
Q

Varied spectrum of activity

A

Beta-Lactams

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10
Q

Beta-Lactam antagonism

A

tetracycline and chloramphenicol

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11
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Tetracycline, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Chloramphenicol

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12
Q

Docxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Minocycline

A

Tetracycline

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13
Q

Oral, IV, IM

A

Tetracycline

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14
Q

Broad spectrum of activity

A

Tetracycline, Aminoglycosides, Sulfa drugs

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15
Q

Tetracycline resistance mechanisms

A
  • Energy dependent efflux
  • Ribosomal protection
  • Chemical modifications and catalysis by enzymes
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16
Q

Tetracycline notable facts

A
  • Chelating agents (removes heavy medals)
  • Crosses placenta
  • Secreted in milk
  • Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective, immunimodulant effects
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17
Q

Tetracycline toxicity & adverse effects

A
  • Irritant
  • Cardiovascular Effects
  • Tooth discoloration
  • Alterations of intestinal flora & enterocolitit (horses)
  • Cardiovascular collapse in horses if given IV
  • Nephrotoxicosis
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18
Q

Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Spectinomycin

A

Aminoglycosides

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19
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis

A

Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, Lincosamides,

20
Q

Concentration dependent killing

A

Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones

21
Q

Aminoglycosides notable facts

A
  • Inactivated by pus
  • Renal excretion
  • Oxygen dependent uptake by microbes
  • Does not penetrate BBB
22
Q

Parenteral administration (by some form of injection, not oral)

A

Aminoglycosides

23
Q

Synergistic with Beta-lactams

A

Aminoglycosides

24
Q

Aminoglycosides toxicity and adverse reactions

A
  • Nephrotoxic

- Ototoxic/Cranial Nerve VIII/Vestibular Cochlear damage

25
Q

Aminoglycosides resistance mechanisms

A

plasmid mediated enzymes

26
Q

Bacteriostatic, -cidal at high concentration

A

Aminoglycosides

27
Q

Synthetic antimicrobial

A

Fluoroquinolones

28
Q

Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

29
Q

Inhibit DNA gyrase

A

Fluoroquinolones

30
Q

Fluoroquinolones notable facts

A
  • High intracellular concentration in phagocytes
  • Prolonged post antibiotic effect
  • Rapid resistance development
  • Oral absorption
31
Q

Fluoroquinolones resistance mechanisms

A
  • Modification or protection of target
  • Decreased permeability
  • Efflux pumps
32
Q

Fluoroquinolones synergism

A

Beta-lactams & aminoglycosides

33
Q

Fluoroquinolones toxicity & adverse effects

A
  • Generally safe
  • Articular cartilage degeneration in juvenile dogs
  • Retinal degeneration in cats
  • Neurotoxic & tendon rupture in humans
  • Canine TSS (S. canis) with bacteriophage induced lysis
34
Q

Erythromysin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, (Tulathromycin, Tilmicosin, Tylosin)

A

Macrolides

35
Q

Macrolides notable facts

A
  • Immunomodulatory effects

- Intracellular accumulation in phagocytes

36
Q

Macrolides resistance mechanisms

A
  • Target site modification
  • Active efflux
  • Enzymatic inactivation
37
Q

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

A

Sulfa drugs

38
Q

Sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine

A

Sulfa drugs

39
Q

Sulfa drugs synergy

A

Diaminopyrimidines (Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine)

40
Q

Sulfa drugs resistance mechanisms

A
  • Impaired drug penetration

- Altered enzymes

41
Q

Sulfa drugs notable facts

A
  • Good oral absorption

- Effective against protozoa

42
Q

Sulfa drugs adverse reaction

A

Allergic reaction in dogs (doberman pinschers)

43
Q

Inhibit RNA polymerase

A

Rifampin

44
Q

Bactericidal against intracellular and extracellular bacteria

A

Rifampin

45
Q

Glycopeptides(Vancomycin), Polymyxins, Bacitracin

A

Peptide antibiotics

BacT (2 decks)

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