homework

Question 1

Types of wave

Answer 1

Transverse wave: vibrations are at right angles to the direction the energy flows. Longitudinal wave: vibrations are at parallel to the direction the energy flows. lOngitudinal wave – sOund wave. Transverse wave – light wave, ripples on water, radio waves, microwaves.

Question 2

Fetch

Answer 2

the fetch – how far the wave has travelled. the strength of the wind.

Question 3

Types of coastline

Answer 3

Coastal landforms can be either erosional or depositional. Sandy beaches, shingle beaches and spits are examples of depositional landforms. Cliffs, headlands and caves are examples of erosional landforms.

Question 4

Processes of erosion

Answer 4

Erosion is the wearing away of rock along the coastline. Destructive waves are responsible for erosion on the coastline. Erosion occurs where waves have direct contact with the rock.

Question 5

Processes of transportation

Answer 5

There are four main processes of transportation. These are: suspension / suspended load; solution / solution load; saltation; and.

Question 6

Long shore drift

Answer 6

Longshore drift is a process of transportation that shifts eroded material along the coastline.

Question 7

Coastal Landforms

Answer 7

Coastal landforms are created through processes such as erosion and deposition. Erosion happens when waves wear away the land. Different types of erosion include hydraulic action where the force of the wave traps air into the rock and breaks it apart.

Question 8

Hard engineering - examples

Answer 8

Hard engineering involves building artificial structures, which try to control natural processes at a local scale. Each engineering strategy has its advantages and disadvantages.

Question 9

Soft engineering - examples

Answer 9

Soft engineering methods
Replaces beach or cliff material that has been removed by erosion or longshore drift .
The main advantage is that beaches are a natural defence against erosion and coastal flooding.

Question 10

Holderness

Answer 10

Reasons for management
The coastline is rapidly eroding at an average of 1.8 metres a year. There are several reasons why the coast at Holderness is eroding so quickly:

Rock type - the cliffs are made from less-resistant boulder clay (made from sands and clays) which slumps when wet.
Naturally narrow beaches - these beaches give less protection to the coast as it doesn’t reduce the power of the waves.
Man-made structures - groynes have been installed to stop long-shore drift. This narrows unprotected beaches elsewhere even more.
Powerful waves - waves at Holderness travel long distances over the North Sea (so have a long fetch) which means they will increase in energy.