homestasis

Question 1

types of synapse

Answer 1

chemical: pre and post celft in diretc contact

e;ectrical: most common, there is a celft and a space

Question 2

voltage gated and ligand gated chanells

Answer 2

volatge: open when MP reaches certain voltage

ligand: when ligand binds to its recpetors

Question 3

Action potential

Question 4

clcium ion gated chanells

Answer 4

in axon terminal that allow ca to go into cell to bind to proteins on synpatic vessicles

ligand gated ion challens on post synaptic cleft, lets na flow into cell to induce depolarization

Question 5

left over NT

Question 6

aCh

Answer 6

memory learning, arousla, muscle contractons,

choline = nutrient from fish, and othef oods

acetyles coA = enzyme

neurons that contain ach are called colonergic . mostly in brain

terminated in synaptic celft by acetylcholinestrase

choline reuptake into pree synpatic cleft to makre for actlye choline

Question 7

saltatory conduction

Answer 7

• nodes of ranvier are rich in sodum chanells ope when AP travels

the increase in na reguvenates AP

nodes of ranver regiventate the boost

Question 8

thermoregulation

Answer 8

cruicial for enzyme, metabolic and phsycilogical

Question 9

mechanins of thermoregulation: endotehrms

Answer 9

• warm blooded
• endothermy: internal physiological mechnaims that generate thermal energy to regulate body temp
• ca obtain thermal energy from environemtn but not primary
• mammels, birds,
  -behavioural adaptations: seek shade, hiberantion, basking

Question 10

endothermy metabolism

Answer 10

metabolic rate = amount of chemical fuel burined in a given epriod of time. more heat will produce

cold ext temp = increase metabolic rate

Question 11

thermogeniss

Answer 11

increase heat production. ex: msucle contraction, shiveirng, teethe chattering

nonshivering thermogensis: relies on fat (brown adipose tissue) contains lots of mitochondira with special proteins that allows animals to release energy that is stored as fat, as heat

Question 12

vasocontrictionvs dialation

Question 13

mechanisms of thermoregulation: ectothermy

Answer 13

cold blood

ectothermy: behavioru mechaisms using EXTERNALL sources to regulate body temp

all ectotherms generale some thermal energy from int. cant increase heat production to maintan heats

frogs, reptiles, amphibians

behavuouris: sun bathe, burrowing, DO NOT HIBERNATE

Question 14

Mechanisms of endo and ectotherms

Answer 14

• radiation
• conduction
• convention
  evapotation

Question 15

hypothermia and hyperthermia

Answer 15

`hypo: very fast heat loss

Question 16

animal behaviours

Answer 16

• torpor: sleep-like state in which meatbolic rate and body temp decrease in repsosne to changed in daily tep HUMMING BIRD

hibernation

estvation: hibernation in extreme heat by digging into soil through hot dry season

toads and frogs (burrowing)

Question 17

RLE birds seals frogs

Answer 17

birds: circular adaptations that allow heat transfer from blood vessels to other blood vessels

seals: inuslation, blubber

frogs: can survive freezing temp. produce proteins that act like anti freeze prefventing ice from forming in cells

Question 18

endocrine system

Question 19

hormoe

Question 20

exocrine and endocrine glands

Answer 20

exocrine: secrete products into body ducts which carry pridycts into cavities, lumen, and outer surface of body

endocrine: secretes hormones into extracellular space sectreios diffuse into capillairies carried via circulatory system

Question 21

target vs non target hormones

Answer 21

target: specific recpetors for specifitc hormones

non target: non specific hormones, can bind to various recpetos more common

Question 22

hormone release

Answer 22

humoral stimuli: changes in non hormnones chemicals in blood that cause release inhibition of hormones

hormonal stimuli: release of hormone in repsone to hormones

neural stimuli: NS stimulates cell/gland ro reasle HM liek fight or flight

Question 23

neuroendocrine organs

Answer 23

hypoltahums

pitutariy gland
-connected to hypoltaumus via piutitary stalk
- posterroru piutitary: doeps not make hormones but relaes hormones that produced by hypothalamus. stores oxytocin, ADH,
- anterior gland: secretes hormones that conrol wide range of activities. creaets and releases FLATPEG

Question 24

more neuroendocrine organs

Answer 24

pineal gland
- back of breain, melatonin

thyroid gland
- neck
- thyroxin (T4) and triiodothymine (T3)
- control how body uses energy
- pituitary –> thyroid –> thyroid stimultinh hormone –> thyroid hormones (t4 and t3)

parathyroid gland
- neck, 4 glands produce parathyroid gormone (PTH)
- calcium and phosphate level control

thymus
- upper chets
- immune system
0 2 parts, left and rigth lobes, each divided
- fuels T cell production, tells pituitary to relase hormones

adrenal gland
- in kidneys. 40 dif hormoens produced from adrenal cortex. three groupd
-1. gluticosteroids: regulating metabolism, stress, stimultaed by ACTH from anteriro pitutairy by stress
2. mineralocorticosteroids: waterl electtrolyte balance negativ feedback loop
using Na+, secretes k+ in urine
3. sex hormoens: androgens

Question 25

how is internal enviornemt regulated? (effectors)

Answer 25

• recptotes,
• control center (brain)
• effectors: carry out respone, restores equilibrium. effectors in msuelcs (to pull arm away), reaction time, back to balance

Question 26

brain stem

Question 27

cereberal cortex

Answer 27

• lobrd mskr up 40% of teh brain, outer layer. higher brain frunction

Question 28

lobotomy

Question 29

divions of NS

Question 30

reflex arc

Answer 30

automatic, nerval circuit travels through spinal cord not brain

Question 31

NT

Answer 31

• noepinephrine, endorphines, gaba, ach

Question 32

pollutants that have significant encodrin disriupting effect and health issues

Answer 32

• BPA bisphnelal A
• pthalates.

mainly reproductive, infertility, miscarrige, obsesty, immune, cancer, cognitive disorders

plastics can act like estorgen hormone and distroupt the balance of hormoes inside us