homestasis Flashcards
types of synapse
chemical: pre and post celft in diretc contact
e;ectrical: most common, there is a celft and a space
voltage gated and ligand gated chanells
volatge: open when MP reaches certain voltage
ligand: when ligand binds to its recpetors
Action potential
clcium ion gated chanells
in axon terminal that allow ca to go into cell to bind to proteins on synpatic vessicles
ligand gated ion challens on post synaptic cleft, lets na flow into cell to induce depolarization
left over NT
aCh
memory learning, arousla, muscle contractons,
choline = nutrient from fish, and othef oods
acetyles coA = enzyme
neurons that contain ach are called colonergic . mostly in brain
terminated in synaptic celft by acetylcholinestrase
choline reuptake into pree synpatic cleft to makre for actlye choline
saltatory conduction
- nodes of ranvier are rich in sodum chanells ope when AP travels
the increase in na reguvenates AP
nodes of ranver regiventate the boost
thermoregulation
cruicial for enzyme, metabolic and phsycilogical
mechanins of thermoregulation: endotehrms
- warm blooded
- endothermy: internal physiological mechnaims that generate thermal energy to regulate body temp
- ca obtain thermal energy from environemtn but not primary
- mammels, birds,
-behavioural adaptations: seek shade, hiberantion, basking
endothermy metabolism
metabolic rate = amount of chemical fuel burined in a given epriod of time. more heat will produce
cold ext temp = increase metabolic rate
thermogeniss
increase heat production. ex: msucle contraction, shiveirng, teethe chattering
nonshivering thermogensis: relies on fat (brown adipose tissue) contains lots of mitochondira with special proteins that allows animals to release energy that is stored as fat, as heat
vasocontrictionvs dialation
mechanisms of thermoregulation: ectothermy
cold blood
ectothermy: behavioru mechaisms using EXTERNALL sources to regulate body temp
all ectotherms generale some thermal energy from int. cant increase heat production to maintan heats
frogs, reptiles, amphibians
behavuouris: sun bathe, burrowing, DO NOT HIBERNATE
Mechanisms of endo and ectotherms
- radiation
- conduction
- convention
evapotation
hypothermia and hyperthermia
`hypo: very fast heat loss
animal behaviours
- torpor: sleep-like state in which meatbolic rate and body temp decrease in repsosne to changed in daily tep HUMMING BIRD
hibernation
estvation: hibernation in extreme heat by digging into soil through hot dry season
toads and frogs (burrowing)
RLE birds seals frogs
birds: circular adaptations that allow heat transfer from blood vessels to other blood vessels
seals: inuslation, blubber
frogs: can survive freezing temp. produce proteins that act like anti freeze prefventing ice from forming in cells
endocrine system
hormoe
exocrine and endocrine glands
exocrine: secrete products into body ducts which carry pridycts into cavities, lumen, and outer surface of body
endocrine: secretes hormones into extracellular space sectreios diffuse into capillairies carried via circulatory system
target vs non target hormones
target: specific recpetors for specifitc hormones
non target: non specific hormones, can bind to various recpetos more common
hormone release
humoral stimuli: changes in non hormnones chemicals in blood that cause release inhibition of hormones
hormonal stimuli: release of hormone in repsone to hormones
neural stimuli: NS stimulates cell/gland ro reasle HM liek fight or flight
neuroendocrine organs
hypoltahums, pituitary gland, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, tnymus,adrenal
pitutariy gland
-connected to hypoltaumus via piutitary stalk
- posterroru piutitary: doeps not make hormones but relaes hormones that produced by hypothalamus. stores oxytocin, ADH,
- anterior gland: secretes hormones that conrol wide range of activities. creaets and releases FLATPEG
more neuroendocrine organs
hypoltahums, pituitary gland, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, tnymus,adrenal
pineal gland
- back of breain, melatonin
thyroid gland
- neck
- thyroxin (T4) and triiodothymine (T3)
- control how body uses energy
- pituitary –> thyroid –> thyroid stimultinh hormone –> thyroid hormones (t4 and t3)
parathyroid gland
- neck, 4 glands produce parathyroid gormone (PTH)
- calcium and phosphate level control
thymus
- upper chets
- immune system
0 2 parts, left and rigth lobes, each divided
- fuels T cell production, tells pituitary to relase hormones
adrenal gland
- in kidneys. 40 dif hormoens produced from adrenal cortex. three groupd
-1. gluticosteroids: regulating metabolism, stress, stimultaed by ACTH from anteriro pitutairy by stress
2. mineralocorticosteroids: waterl electtrolyte balance negativ feedback loop
using Na+, secretes k+ in urine
3. sex hormoens: androgens
how is internal enviornemt regulated? (effectors)
- recptotes,
- control center (brain)
- effectors: carry out respone, restores equilibrium. effectors in msuelcs (to pull arm away), reaction time, back to balance
brain stem
cereberal cortex
- lobrd mskr up 40% of teh brain, outer layer. higher brain frunction
lobotomy
divions of NS
reflex arc
automatic, nerval circuit travels through spinal cord not brain
NT
- noepinephrine, endorphines, gaba, ach
pollutants that have significant encodrin disriupting effect and health issues
- BPA bisphnelal A
- pthalates.
mainly reproductive, infertility, miscarrige, obsesty, immune, cancer, cognitive disorders
plastics can act like estorgen hormone and distroupt the balance of hormoes inside us
what is an edc and what do it do
endocrine distrupting chemicals.
most common: reproductive issues, fertilisty, miscarriage, difficult labour, cancers, cognitive disorders, autoimmune diseases, early puberty
endocrine organs
pancreas
- insulin manufactured by islets
- three main islet cell typs: alpha beta delta
- alpha glucagon, beta numerous and insulin, detal somatostain
ovares
- gonads, produce relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone
- in brain: sph , lh
placenta
- produces estrogen, progesteron
-
testes
- secreets inhibin, contorls sperm production byt inhibting fsh
placenta, ovaries, testes,
FLATPEG
follicle stimulating hormone
leutenizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic
thyroid stimulating
prolactin
endorphones
growth hormone
adipose tissue
- regulate glucose, cholesterole and metabolism of sex hormone
endocrine disorders
diabetes 1 and 2
acromeglay: andre the giant
gestational diabetes: during preganacy
renal system anatomy
- kindey to uretars to bladder to urethra
Kidney anatomy: three layers
nephron anatomy
- glomerolus
- bowmans capsul
- promixmal convoluted tube
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tube
- collecting duct
nitregenous waste
- ammonia
- urea
- uric acid
kidney diseases
kidney disease/failure
stones
uti
dalyalisis
membranes, what are phospholips made of
bilayer features
membranes solides or liquids
passive transport, active transport
excoytosis and endocytosis
