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Biology- Silva > Homeotasis Cell structure and function 9.1-9.4 > Flashcards

Homeotasis Cell structure and function 9.1-9.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two factors influence cell size?

A

Surface Area (SA), and Volume (V)

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2
Q

What is Surface Area?

A

Area covered by the plasma membrane.

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3
Q

What is volume?

A

The space taken up by the inner contents of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the formula for volume?

A

Length x Width x Height

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5
Q

What is the formula for Surface Area?

A

Length x Width X #of sides of the objec.

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6
Q

Cells with a higher SA:V ratio can sustain themselves more easily. (T/F)?

A

True

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7
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A cycle in which cells reproduce in a cycle of growing and dividing.

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8
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

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9
Q

What is interphase?

A

Stage in which cell’s grow, it also carriers out cell functions and replicates its DNA.

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10
Q

How can stem cells help a patient coming to the doctor?

A

stem cells replace cells damaged by chemotherapy or disease or serve as a way for the donor’s immune system to fight some types of cancer and blood-related diseases

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11
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.

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12
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells.

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13
Q

What are the three substages of interphase?

A

G1, S(synthesis), G2

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14
Q

Define chromasome?

A

structures that contain the genetic material.

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15
Q

What are structures that contain the gentic material?

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division?

A

Eukaryotic cells divide via the cell cycle and prokaryotic cells divide via binary fission

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17
Q

What is the main goal of mitosis?

A

to accurately separate the cell’s replicated DNA

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18
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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19
Q

What are sister chromatids attached too?

A

Centromere

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20
Q

As prophase continues, spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers form what?

A

A spindle apparatus

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21
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell and line up there.

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22
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

chromatids pull apart, microtubules begin to shorten, chromatids then seperate, and the chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

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23
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense, two new nuclear membranes form and the nucleioli reappear. The spindle apparatus also disassembles.

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24
Q

During cytokenesis what happens to animal cells?

A

microfilaments constrict/pinch off to form two cells

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25
Q

During cytokinesis what happens to plant cells?

A

a new structure called the cell plant forms between the two daughter nuclei.

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26
Q

What are cyclin?

A

Proteins that bind to enzymes called CDK’s

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27
Q

What are Cyclin dependent kinases?

A

Enzymes that bind with Cyclin to control activities during different stages of the cell cycle

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28
Q

What is Cancer?

A

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
-Cancer results when cells stop responding to the controls of the
cell cycle.
-Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells,
resulting in the loss of tissue function.

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29
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Substances that are known to cause cancer

30
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, cells shrin and shrivel

31
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can be directed to become a specialized cell.

32
Q

What is cellular differentation?

A

the process by which an unspecialized cell develops into a specialized cell with a defined structure and function.

33
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that result after a
sperm fertilizes an egg.

Each embryonic stem cell has all the DNA needed to
develop into a wide variety of specialized cells.

34
Q

What is a region that codes for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work for cells?

A

Genes

35
Q

How many chromosomes are in each human body’s cell?

A

46: two sets of 23, each parent gives 23 chromosomes.

36
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that make up a pair, one from each parent. Carry genes that control the same traits.

1 dad: 1 mom makes 1 pair of homologous chromosomes.

37
Q

What are gametes?

A

sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes.

23 chromosomes

38
Q

What does “n” represent in humans?

A

the # of chromosomes. So n=23

39
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A cell with n number of chromosomes.

Cell with 23 chromosomes

40
Q

What is fertilization?

A

When one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete.

41
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell that contains 2n number of chromosomes.

(Cell with 46 chromosomes

42
Q

What do sex chromosomes determine?

A

The individual’s gender.

43
Q

How many autosomes are in a gamete?

A

22

44
Q

What gender is a baby if it has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome?

A

The baby is a male

45
Q

What gender is a baby that has two Y chromosomes?

A

Female

46
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To reduce the number of chromosomes.

It reduces the chromosome number by half through the seperation of homologous chromosomes.

47
Q

When do gametes form?

A

During meiosis.

48
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

In the reproductive structures of organisms that reproduce sexually, forming haploid gametes.

49
Q

After meiosis how many chromosomes will the gametes contain?

A

n or 23 chromosomes

50
Q

What happens in Interphase 1 of MEIOSIS?

A

Chromosomes replicate

chromatin condenses

51
Q

What happens in Prophase 1 of MEIOSIS?

A

-Homologous chromosomes pair.
(Each chromosome consists of two chromatids)

  • Crossing over produces the exchange of genetic information.
  • The nuclear envelope breaks down.
  • Spindles form.
52
Q

What is the process of crossing over?

A

chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes

53
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1 in MEIOSIS?

A
  • Chromosome centromeres attach to spindles.

- Homologous chromosomes line up at equator.

54
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1 of MEIOSIS?

A

-Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

55
Q

What happens in Telophase 1 of MEIOSIS

A
  • Spindles break down.
  • Chromosomes uncoil to form two nuclei.
  • The cell divides.
56
Q

What happens in Prophase 2 in MEIOSIS?

A
  • Chromosomes condense.
  • Spindles form in each new cell.
  • Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
57
Q

What happens in Metaphase 2 of MEIOSIS?

A

Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.

58
Q

What happens in Anaphase 2 of MEIOSIS?

A
  • Centromeres split.

- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

59
Q

What happens in Telophase 2 of MEIOSIS?

A
  • Four nuclei form around chromosomes.
  • Spindles break down.
  • Cells divide.
60
Q

What are the products of MEIOSIS?

A

Four cells have formed.

Each nucleus contains a haploid number of chromosomes.

61
Q

What is one thing that MEIOSIS provides?

A

Genetic Variation

62
Q

In asexual reproduction what happens happens to the organism?

A

It inherents all of its chromosomes from a single parent, the individual is genetically identical

63
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Chromosomes that end in protective caps that consist of DNA associated with proteins. A cap has a protective function for the structure of the chromosome.

64
Q

What are karyotypes?

A

a type of micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size.

65
Q

What is nondisjuction?

A

Cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly
(occurs in autosomes and sex chromosomes)

66
Q

What are autosomes?

A

chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.

Humans typically have 22 pairs of autosomes.

67
Q

In cytokinesis what happens to animal cells?

A

In animal cells, microfilaments constrict/pinch off to form two cells.

68
Q

In cytokinesis what happens to plant cells?

A

In plant cells, instead of pinching in half, a new structure called the cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei.

69
Q

What is prophase?

A

the first and longest stage of mitosis.

Cell’s chromatin tightens/condenses into chromosomes.

70
Q

What are some exmples of genetic variation?

A

Skin color, eye color, hair color, hand size, etc

Biology- Silva (6 decks)

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