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Biology- Silva > Chapter 7- chapter 9 study guide > Flashcards

Chapter 7- chapter 9 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

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2
Q

Who discovered, that the cell was the basic structure of plants?

A

Schleiden

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3
Q

Who discovered that the cell was the basic structure of animals?

A

Schwann

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4
Q

Who discovered that all cells are generated from previously existing cells?

A

Virchow

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5
Q

What are the 3 principles of cell thoery?

A
  • All living organisms are conmposed of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms
  • Cells arise only from previously existing cells
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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

a special boundary that helps control what enters and exits the cell.

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7
Q

Which cells have membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and are large?

A

Eukaryotic

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8
Q

Which cells are small, don’t have membrane bound organelles, and don’t have a nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic

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9
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

allowing only certain substances to pass across the plasma membrane

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10
Q

What is the ‘Y’ looking thing in the phospholipid bilayer? And what is its purpose?

A

A carbohydrate chain. Its function is to define the cell’s characteristics
and help cells identify chemical signals.

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11
Q

What is the ‘hot dog bun’ thing next to the lipids? And what is its function?

A

Transport protein. The function is to form channels to move substances through the membrane.

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12
Q

What is the ball with dots attached to it? And what is its function?

A

cholesterol. Its function is to prevent the fatty acids from sticking together. It also makes the membrane have more fludity.

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13
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

Carbs (glycogen) attached to proteins

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14
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

carbs attached to lipids

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.(ENERGY IS NOT REQUIRED)

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16
Q

What is it called when the concentration stays the same?

A

Dynamic Equlibrium

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17
Q

What is Fascilitated Diffusion?

A

uses transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane.(REQUIRES NO ENERGY)

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18
Q

Define osmosis.

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

19
Q

What is a hypotonic solution and what does it have?

A

a lower concentration of solutes and more water. More water goes into the cell than comes out.
Animal cells burst in hypotonic solutions and plant cells swell due to the cell wall protecting from bursting.

20
Q

What is a hypertonic solution and what does it do?

A

higher concentration of solutes, less water. More water moves out than comes in.
Plant cells wilt, animal cells shrink.

21
Q

What is the movement of particles across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient?(REQUIRES ENERGY)

A

Active Transport

22
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

When a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment and brings it through the plasma membrane.(ENTERING)

23
Q

What is exocystosis?

A

the excretion of materials at the plasma membrane.(EXIT)

24
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for organelles.

25
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

long hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell.

26
Q

What is microfilament?

A

Thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and help it move sometimes.

27
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

A double membrane called a nuclear envelope.

28
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Produce proteins in the nucleus.

29
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do? What is it?

A

it’s membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels. It contains
Protein and Lipid synthesis.

30
Q

What is the golgi apparatus and what does it do?

A

a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts and packages proteins

31
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

sack that contains proteins. It goes through the plasma membrane to release proteins into the environment.

32
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

membrane boud sac used for temporary storage. They store food, enzymes and waste.

33
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn out organelles and food particles.

34
Q

What is a centriole?

A

organelles made of groups of microtubules that function during cell division

35
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

convert fuel particles into usable energy

36
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

a thick rigid mesh of fibers that surround the outside of the plasma membrane.
it protects the cell and gives it structure.

37
Q

What is a cycle of growng and dividing in whihc cells are produced?

A

The cell cycle

38
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle and what happens?

A

Interphase- cells grow, carries out normal functions and replicates DNA.
Mitosis- cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cytokinesis- cell’s cytoplasm divides creating two new cells.

39
Q

What are the three stages of Interphase?

A

G1, S G2

40
Q

What happens in G1?

A

cell grows, does normal cell functions and prepares to replicate DNA

41
Q

What happens in Synthesis(S)?

A

Synthesizing occurs, replicating of DNA occurs as well.

42
Q

Chromosomes are what?

A

structures that contain the genetic material(DNA)

43
Q

What are chromatin?

A

relaxed forms of DNA in the cell’s nucleus.

44
Q

What happens in G2?

A

cell prepares of divison of the nucleus

Biology- Silva (6 decks)

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