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Biology > Homeostatis and Kidneys > Flashcards

Homeostatis and Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six main things in the body that need to be controlled?

A 
The body temperature
Water content
Ion content
Blood sugar levels
Also waste products such as:
Carbon dioxide 
Urea
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2
Q

What temperature do enzymes in the body work best at?

A

37 degrees

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3
Q

What happens to the enzymes if the body gets to hot or cold?

A

The enzymes won’t work properly and some really important reactions could be disrupted and in extreme cases lead to death.

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4
Q

How does the body detect temperature?

A

There is a themoregulatory centre in the brain containing receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.
There are also nerve cell receptors on the surface of the skin that send nerve impulses to the thermoregulatory centre.

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5
Q

What does the body do to cool itself down and why?

A

Hair lies flat so air isn’t trapped.
Sweat is produced by sweat glands which evaporates from the skin to remove heat.
The blood vessels dilate so more blood flows close to the surface of the skin making it easier for heat to be lost.

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6
Q

What does your body do to warm itself up and why?

A

Hairs stand up to trap an insulating layer of air.
No sweat is produced.
Blood vessels close the surface of the skin constrict so less heat is lost.
Also muscles may shiver, the muscles contract which requires energy from respiration so some heat energy is released.

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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8
Q

How are carbon dioxide levels controlled in the body?

A

It is a product of respiration so it goes around the blood then into the lungs where it is breathed out.

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9
Q

What is urea made from?

A

It is a waste product made from excess amino acids made in the liver.

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10
Q

How is urea controlled?

A

It is a waste product so urea travels from the liver into the kidneys (via the blood) where it is filtered out into urine.

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11
Q

How do you control mineral ions and water?

A

One way is to filter them out through the kidneys into urine.

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12
Q

In the kidneys what substances diffuse into the nephron via the partially permeable membrane.

A

Glucose, water, ions and urea.

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13
Q

What substances are reabsorbed back into the blood, out if the nephron? (Also what is the process called?)

A

All the glucose is reabsorbed.
Sufficient ions are reabsorbed and the excess ions stay in the nephron.
Some water is also reabsorbed while excess water molecules stay in the nephron.
This is called selective reabsoption.

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14
Q

What process are glucose and ions reabsorbed by in the kidney?

A

Active transport.

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15
Q

What products go into the urine?

A

Excess ions
Excess water
Urea

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16
Q

What are the two treatments that are used for people with kidney failure?

A

Dialysis or kidney transplant.

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17
Q

What is a dialysis machine?

A

It a machine used to keep the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels and to remove waste products in the blood from people with kidney failure.

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18
Q

How is a dialysis machine set up for it to work?

A

The patients blood runs alongside the dialysis fluid speared by a partially permeable membrane allowing waste products from the blood to diffuse across.

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19
Q

What does the dialysis fluid contain?

A

Low concentration of urea
Same concentration of sugar as patient
Same concentration of ions as patient

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20
Q

Why are the ion and sugar concentrations in the dialysis fluid the same as in the patient blood?

A

So dissolved ions and glucose won’t be lost from the blood meaning no net movement as the concentrations are the same so diffusion will not occur.

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21
Q

Why does dialysis fluid contain low concentrations of urea?

A

As there is a high concentration of urea in the blood and a low concentration in the fluid meaning diffusion will occur and the waste urea will leave the blood.

22
Q

What problems can dialysis machine cause?

A

They can sometimes cause blood clots or infections.

23
Q

Why does the dialysis fluid need to keep moving?

A

So it maintains a low concentration of urea and urea in the blood will constantly diffuse out.

24
Q

What happens if kidneys don’t work properly?

A

Waste substances build up in the blood and you lose your ability to control the levels of ions and water in the body.

25
Q

Advantages of dialysis?

A

More available than kidney donors.

No drugs needed.

26
Q

Disadvantages of dialysis?

A 
Regular sessions (3 times a week)
Long sessions (up to 8 hours)
Less freedom (for holidays/trips
Control of diet
27
Q

Advantages of kidney transplant?

A

No more dialysis.
No need to control diet.
Not time consuming, don’t have to go to weekly sessions.

28
Q

Disadvantages of kidney transplant?

A

Hard to find donor.
Body can reject kidney.
Need to take drugs which make you more prone to illness.

29
Q

On a cold day how much urine will your body produce?

A

Your body will produce more urine which will be pale and dilute as less water is lost in sweat.

30
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are to high?

A 
Thirst
Hunger
Need to urinate
Blurred vision 
Dizziness
Nausea
31
Q

Why happens if blood sugar levels are to low?

A 
Hunger
Weakness
Inability to concentrate
Dizziness
Convulsions
Loss of consciousness
32
Q

What does the pancreas produce when sugar levels are to high?

A

The hormone made from protein, insulin

33
Q

What does the pancreas produce when blood sugar levels are to low?

A

The hormone, glucagon.

34
Q

What does insulin do in the liver?

A

When blood sugar levels are to high insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen where it can be stored so there is less glucose in the blood

35
Q

What does glucagon do in the liver?

A

Glucagon makes the liver turns glycogen, stored in the liver, into glucose where it can be released into the blood.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas makes no (to little) insulin.
Glucose cannot enter the cells.
Glucose cannot be converted I to glycogen in the liver for storage.

37
Q

How can blood sugar levels be controlled if you have type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin injections
Careful control of diet (avoiding foods rich in simple carbohydrates)
Regular exercise

38
Q

What can cause a drop in sugar levels?

A

Exercise

Not eating

39
Q

What can cause a raise in sugar levels?

A 
Eating foods (with carbs)
Sugary drinks
40
Q

Apart from the liver, what else removes glucose from the blood?

A

The normal metabolism of cells removes glucose from the blood.

41
Q

What organ controls the balance of ions in the body?

A

The kidneys.

42
Q

What happens if the ion or water content in the body is wrong?

A

Too much water may move in and out of the cells and damage them.

43
Q

How do water and ions enter the body?

A

When we eat ad drink.

44
Q

What does sweat contain?

A

Water and ions

45
Q

What is the difference between blood going into the kidney and blood coming out?

A

Blood going in is unfiltered and blood coming out is filtered.

46
Q

What directions does the dialysis fluid flown in?

A

In the opposite direction to the blood.

47
Q

What are the three main ways water is lost in the body?

A

In urine.
In sweat.
In the air we breath out.

48
Q

In what ways does the body balance the water lost?

A

Liquids consumed.
Amounts sweated out.
Amount excreted by the kidneys in the urine.

49
Q

On a hot day how much urine will your body produce?

A

Your body will produce less urine which will be dark-coloured and concentrated as you sweat more.

50
Q

When it is hot how is water lost in sweat replaced?

A

Water from food and drink restores the balance in the body.

51
Q

How can sports drinks help your body after excercise?

A

Sports drinks usually contain water, sugar and ions.
The water and ions (sodium) replace those lost in sweat.
While the sugar can replace the sugar used up by the muscles during excercise.

52
Q

What are the three main ways water is lost in the body?

A

In urine.
In sweat.
In the air we breath out.

Biology (6 decks)

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