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Sensiormotor system > Homeostatis > Flashcards

Homeostatis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostatis?

A

Homeostasis is the body’s way of keeping everything in balance, like a thermostat that regulates temperature

  • The motivaton to maintain optimal conditions for the body such as water, sodium, other nutrients and temperature
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2
Q

What are the three mechanisms of homeostatis?

A
  1. A set point - so what a normal temp is for you
  2. A detection mechanism - when it has deviated from set point
  3. Behaviour - to do soemthing about it
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3
Q

Example of how homeostatis acts

A

The thermostat acts to keep room temperature a certain point

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4
Q

What is the function of energy balance?

A

We eat to obtain energy to fuel and grow our bodies, ensuring a continuous supply of metabolic fuels

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5
Q

What are the evolutionary effects?

A
  • Energy requirements fluctuate throughout the day and seasonally
  • Fat storage can provide benefits for survival during food shortages
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6
Q

What is the control of energy balanced influenced by?

A

Experience, habits, and availability

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7
Q

What does the metabolism do?

A

It is described as the process of breaking down food into energy
- Excess energy after a meal is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or as fatty acids in cells

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8
Q

How much of a mammals body weight is water?

A

2/3

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9
Q

Tell me the distribution of water in blood plasma, inside cells, and intersital fluid.

A

67% inside cells
7% blood plasma
26% Interstitial fluid

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10
Q

What is osmotic thirst?

A

Where the body requires water from sodium intake

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11
Q

Does the body have surplus water?

A

No, so physiology and behaviour regulates water supply

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12
Q

How does osmotic thirst work?
(Fitzsimons., 1998)

A

The motivation to seek and injest water.
1. Sodium intake -> water is attracted to salt
2. Sodium is extracellular fluid -> Takes from inside the cell
3. Thirst arises wehn limited water inside of the cell

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13
Q

How does the body release osmotic thirst?
(Guaer & Henry., 1963)

A
  1. Body is thirsty -> Osmorereceptor cells detect this thirst. This signal is sent to hypothalamus to release vassopressin
  2. Vassopressin reaches the pituitary gland, releases ADH (anti diacretic hormone)
  3. ADH is released into the bloodstream, changing the function of the kidneys
  4. Kidneys stop filtering out water as normal
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14
Q

When is ADH reduced?

A

When water content reaches normal levels

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15
Q

What happens when storing food?

A
  • Food is broken down into amino acids, fats, and glucose
  • excess energy is left to be stored

Amino acids - muscle cells
Glucose - muscles fat cells

  • Insulin released from Pancras to store glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
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16
Q

What happens when energy is released?

A
  • Energy is needed
  • Brain looks for glucose
  • Pancreas releases glycagon to break down molecules stored
  • Glucose enter bloodstream to provide body with energy
17
Q

What is hypovolemic thirst?

A

Thirst that occurs when vomit/diarrhea

18
Q

What happens in hypovolemic thirst?

A
  • Water, sodium, and nutrients are lost
  • ADH is released by constricting blood vessels

LOSS OF BLOOD VOLUME: low blood pressure = kidneys dont function properly

  • ADH restricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure -> kidneys work to retain water

Followed by:
- To balance sodium content in fluids which were lost

Kidneys also release angiotensin II, which also restricts blood vessels; it leads to the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, which decreases the amount of sodium excreted in urine, thereby helping to restore balance

19
Q

What do we do behaviourally when we have hypovolemic thirst?

A

Eat and drink

20
Q

What do endocrine regulators do?

A

These regulators control the release of hormones, ensuring that the right amount is produced at the right time to keep the body’s systems in balanc

21
Q

What are the three endocrine regulators?

A
  1. Leptin
  2. Ghrelin
  3. CKK (Cholecystokinin)
22
Q

What is leptin?
(Hayes et al., 2009)

A
  • Released from fat cells
  • Purpose is to provide feeling of fullness
  • More fat cells = more leptin
23
Q

What is Gherlin?
(Wren et al., 2001)

A
  • Produced and released in the stomach
  • Signals hunger to the body -> starvation hormone, serves purpose of feeling full
  • Gherlin and leptin are inversly correlated

Study - Wren et al., 2001
- Injected rats with gherlin, had increased body mass and food intake

24
Q

What is CKK?
(Morley et al., 1985)

A
  • Found in small intestine
  • Primary hormonal factor which provides a feeling of satiety (feeling satisfied)
  • Released during eating

Works by:
- CKK binds to receptors on the VAGUS nerve
- This signals to the hypothalamus that fat and protien have been injested
- Blood levels do not vary much in CKK. However local levels around vagus nerve do.

Study (Morley et al., 1985)
- Hungry animals administered with CKK, food intake decreases

25
Q

What is the role of estrogens?

A
  • Promotes fertility, synchronising sexual behaviours with fertile period (Goy 1975)
  • It is increased during pregancy, promoting weight gain and fat storage (Slonaker., 1924)
26
Q

What are antrogens?

A
  • They promote elevated body mass and energy consumption (Wade., 1976)
27
Q

Why do males have more muscle mass?

A

This is dued to a higher concentration of antrogens

28
Q

What is caastration?

A
  • Decreased food intake and limits weigt gain
  • It is reversible by testosterone replacement therapy (Mitchell 1974)
29
Q

Can cultural influence influence food preferences?

A

Yes

30
Q

What hunger is innate?

A

Hungers, those for sodium and potassium (Zucker., 1965)

31
Q

What is the hormonal infleunce over hunger?

A
  • Female mammals consume more sweet solutions than males, influenced by hormal differences (Wade., 1976)

Sensiormotor system (4 decks)

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