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Physiology And Pathology > Homeostasis, thermoregulation > Flashcards

Homeostasis, thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define physiology

A

Study of the function of living things, how they occur, mechanisms of action

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2
Q

Organisation levels of physiology

A

Cells= basic units for life
Tissues= group of cells with similar specialisation
Organ= unit made up of several tissue types
Body system= collection of related organs

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3
Q

Function of epithelial cells

A

Secretion, protection, absorption

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4
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Support

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5
Q

Muscle function

A

Movement

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6
Q

Nervous system function

A

Communication, coordination

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7
Q

Alphabet for body systems

A

CDE MSN RR U II

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8
Q

List body systems

A

Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine

Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous

Respiratory
Reproductive

Urinary

Integumentary
Immune

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9
Q

How many body systems

A

11

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10
Q

Internal vs external environment

A

Internal- fluid surrounding cells

External- surrounding environment in which organisms live

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11
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

Fluid in body cells

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12
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside cells in internal environment

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13
Q

Name for fluid that surrounds and bathes cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Types of extracurricular fluid, 2

A

Plasma
Interstitial fluid

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15
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

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16
Q

Is homeostasis static or dynamic

A

Dynamic

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17
Q

What happens if homeostasis is disrupted

A

Loss of optimal environment for life
Pathophysiology

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18
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

Abnormal function of body associated with disease

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19
Q

Difference between disease and illness

A

Disease- abnormal function of body, not regulated
Illness- body still functioning but has adapted

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20
Q

Factors that are tightly regulated in body

A

Nutrient molecules (glucose)
Waste
O2, CO2
pH
Water, NaCl, electrolytes
Temp
Volume and pressure of plasma

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21
Q

2 methods of homeostasis control

A

Intrinsic- local, in organ

Extrinsic- system, outside organ, eg nervous system act on blood vessels to regulate bp

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22
Q

What type of systems are nervous and endocrine systems

A

Extrinsic/systemic

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23
Q

2 examples of extrinsic/ systemic nervous system

A

Nervous and endocrine

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24
Q

What type of feedback is good for homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

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25
Q

Role of negative feedback

A

Homeostatic Control mechanism that allows us to maintain homeostasis within a given range, text change point, it’s dynamic

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26
Q

What opposes homeostasis

A

Positive feedback

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27
Q

Direction of oxytocin

A

Move in same direction as initial change

28
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

Oxytocin when giving birth
Blood clotting cascade

29
Q

How oxytocin released

A

Pressure put on cervix cells, integrator, oxytocin released, uterus contracts. Cycle ends when baby born

30
Q

What does most of our food energy go to

A

Thermal energy

31
Q

Name for energy store in body

A

Metabolic pool

32
Q

What is majority of food energy used for

A

Thermal energy to maintain body temp since we are homeotherms

33
Q

Metabolic rate define, unit

A

Rate at which energy expended by the body per unit of time, heat production/hr, kcal/hr

34
Q

Factors that affect metabolic rate, how do they affect

A

Increase MR:
Muscular activity
Food intake
Shivering
Fever
Anxiety
Hormones

Decrease:
Fasting and malnutrition

35
Q

Define basal metabolic rate

A

Metabolism understand the guys conditions (Awake, relaxed and rested, physical and mental supines warm 20-25 degrees and fasting 12 hours)
Minimal walking rate of internal energy expenditure

36
Q

Supine meaning

A

Lying down

37
Q

Factors that influence BMR

A

Increases:
Age
Men
Body weight
Surface area (height)
Heat

Decrease
Sleep

Genetic determinism

38
Q

Normal body temp

A

37 degrees

39
Q

Core body temp

A

37.8

40
Q

Name for body parts not core body temp

A

Shell, includes skin, subcutaneous fat

41
Q

What is diurnal rhythm, how it relates to thermoregulation

A

Happens on 24 hour cycle, our body temp normally fluctuates by 1 degrees, cold in the morning warm in mid afternoon

42
Q

Thermoregulation and menstrual cycle

A

0.5 degrees higher between ovulation and menstruation

43
Q

When might body go to 40 degrees

A

Intense exercise, fever

44
Q

How does age affect temp

A

Decrease with age

45
Q

Factors that affect temp

A

Diurnal variation
Menstruation
Exercise
Age ambient temp

46
Q

Limit of temp for life

A

43.3

47
Q

Mechanism of heat transfer

A

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

48
Q

Describe radiation

A

Emissions of heat energy from surface of warm body by electromagnetic waves
I skin temp greater than ambient temp heat lost by radiation

49
Q

Conduction define

A

Transfer of heat between objects in contact

50
Q

Define convection

A

Transfer of heat in air/water
Convection currents

51
Q

How does evaporation work and cool us down

A

Convert to liquid to gas with thermal energy

52
Q

2 types of evaporation

A

Insensible- continuous, passive as we breath

Sensible- sweating regulated by sympathetic nervous control

53
Q

Factors that affect evaporation

A

Relative humidity %
Need conc gradient

54
Q

How is most heat outputted

A

Radiation (50%)

55
Q

When does convection cause lots of heat loss?

A

Windy days

56
Q

Where is the thermoregulatory integrating centre

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

Is anterior region of hypothalamus hot or cold

A

Hot

58
Q

Is posterior region activated by hot or cold

A

Cold

59
Q

Afferent input meaning

A

Signals going towards the hypothalamus

60
Q

Efferent input meaning

A

Signals going away from the hypothalamus

61
Q

Where are thermoreceptors

A

Central in abdominal cavity for core body temp (brain, spine, organs)
Peripheral for skin

62
Q

Name for vasodilation/constriction

A

Vasomotor system

63
Q

What happens to vasomotor system when sympathetic nervous system activated

A

It’s cold
Vasoconstriction
More resistance
Decrease skin temp as blood flows in

64
Q

What happens in hot day

A

Decrease in sympathetic activity
Vasodilation
Reduced resistance
Increased skin temp
More conduction and radiation

65
Q

Effectors of thermoregulation

A

Peripheral blood vessels
Sweat gland
Skeletal muscle

66
Q

Name for sweat glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands

Physiology And Pathology (3 decks)

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