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Physiology And Pathology > Homeostasis, thermoregulation > Flashcards

Homeostasis, thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define physiology

A

Study of the function of living things, how they occur, mechanisms of action

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2
Q

Organisation levels of physiology

A

Cells= basic units for life
Tissues= group of cells with similar specialisation
Organ= unit made up of several tissue types
Body system= collection of related organs

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3
Q

Function of epithelial cells

A

Secretion, protection, absorption

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4
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Support

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5
Q

Muscle function

A

Movement

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6
Q

Nervous system function

A

Communication, coordination

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7
Q

Alphabet for body systems

A

CDE MSN RR U II

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8
Q

List body systems

A

Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine

Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous

Respiratory
Reproductive

Urinary

Integumentary
Immune

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9
Q

How many body systems

A

11

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10
Q

Internal vs external environment

A

Internal- fluid surrounding cells

External- surrounding environment in which organisms live

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11
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

Fluid in body cells

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12
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside cells in internal environment

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13
Q

Name for fluid that surrounds and bathes cells

A

Interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Types of extracurricular fluid, 2

A

Plasma
Interstitial fluid

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15
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

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16
Q

Is homeostasis static or dynamic

A

Dynamic

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17
Q

What happens if homeostasis is disrupted

A

Loss of optimal environment for life
Pathophysiology

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18
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

Abnormal function of body associated with disease

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19
Q

Difference between disease and illness

A

Disease- abnormal function of body, not regulated
Illness- body still functioning but has adapted

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20
Q

Factors that are tightly regulated in body

A

Nutrient molecules (glucose)
Waste
O2, CO2
pH
Water, NaCl, electrolytes
Temp
Volume and pressure of plasma

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21
Q

2 methods of homeostasis control

A

Intrinsic- local, in organ

Extrinsic- system, outside organ, eg nervous system act on blood vessels to regulate bp

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22
Q

What type of systems are nervous and endocrine systems

A

Extrinsic/systemic

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23
Q

2 examples of extrinsic/ systemic nervous system

A

Nervous and endocrine

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24
Q

What type of feedback is good for homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

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25
Role of negative feedback
Homeostatic Control mechanism that allows us to maintain homeostasis within a given range, text change point, it’s dynamic
26
What opposes homeostasis
Positive feedback
27
Direction of oxytocin
Move in same direction as initial change
28
Example of positive feedback
Oxytocin when giving birth Blood clotting cascade
29
How oxytocin released
Pressure put on cervix cells, integrator, oxytocin released, uterus contracts. Cycle ends when baby born
30
What does most of our food energy go to
Thermal energy
31
Name for energy store in body
Metabolic pool
32
What is majority of food energy used for
Thermal energy to maintain body temp since we are homeotherms
33
Metabolic rate define, unit
Rate at which energy expended by the body per unit of time, heat production/hr, kcal/hr
34
Factors that affect metabolic rate, how do they affect
Increase MR: Muscular activity Food intake Shivering Fever Anxiety Hormones Decrease: Fasting and malnutrition
35
Define basal metabolic rate
Metabolism understand the guys conditions (Awake, relaxed and rested, physical and mental supines warm 20-25 degrees and fasting 12 hours) Minimal walking rate of internal energy expenditure
36
Supine meaning
Lying down
37
Factors that influence BMR
Increases: Age Men Body weight Surface area (height) Heat Decrease Sleep Genetic determinism
38
Normal body temp
37 degrees
39
Core body temp
37.8
40
Name for body parts not core body temp
Shell, includes skin, subcutaneous fat
41
What is diurnal rhythm, how it relates to thermoregulation
Happens on 24 hour cycle, our body temp normally fluctuates by 1 degrees, cold in the morning warm in mid afternoon
42
Thermoregulation and menstrual cycle
0.5 degrees higher between ovulation and menstruation
43
When might body go to 40 degrees
Intense exercise, fever
44
How does age affect temp
Decrease with age
45
Factors that affect temp
Diurnal variation Menstruation Exercise Age ambient temp
46
Limit of temp for life
43.3
47
Mechanism of heat transfer
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation
48
Describe radiation
Emissions of heat energy from surface of warm body by electromagnetic waves I skin temp greater than ambient temp heat lost by radiation
49
Conduction define
Transfer of heat between objects in contact
50
Define convection
Transfer of heat in air/water Convection currents
51
How does evaporation work and cool us down
Convert to liquid to gas with thermal energy
52
2 types of evaporation
Insensible- continuous, passive as we breath Sensible- sweating regulated by sympathetic nervous control
53
Factors that affect evaporation
Relative humidity % Need conc gradient
54
How is most heat outputted
Radiation (50%)
55
When does convection cause lots of heat loss?
Windy days
56
Where is the thermoregulatory integrating centre
Hypothalamus
57
Is anterior region of hypothalamus hot or cold
Hot
58
Is posterior region activated by hot or cold
Cold
59
Afferent input meaning
Signals going towards the hypothalamus
60
Efferent input meaning
Signals going away from the hypothalamus
61
Where are thermoreceptors
Central in abdominal cavity for core body temp (brain, spine, organs) Peripheral for skin
62
Name for vasodilation/constriction
Vasomotor system
63
What happens to vasomotor system when sympathetic nervous system activated
It’s cold Vasoconstriction More resistance Decrease skin temp as blood flows in
64
What happens in hot day
Decrease in sympathetic activity Vasodilation Reduced resistance Increased skin temp More conduction and radiation
65
Effectors of thermoregulation
Peripheral blood vessels Sweat gland Skeletal muscle
66
Name for sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands

Physiology And Pathology (3 decks)

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