Cells Flashcards
What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum make
lipids
golgi complex structure
flattened membrane bound vesicles called cisternae
three types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
job of golgi complex
process raw proteins, package, directed to somewhere in body by using docking marker (marker protein)
explain pinocytosis
cell take in fluid that contains dissolved nutrients
difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis
phagocytosis - solid
pinocytosis- take in liquid
Cytoskeleton page
….
Cells that can move on their own
Sperm
WBC
Fibroblasts
Skin cells
What kind of physio do people with motor neurone disease need
Early- musculoskeletal
Late- respiratory
Other word for cytoplasm
Cytosol
Role of cytosol
Enzyme regulation
Protein synthesis at ribosome
Storage (glucose stored as glycogen)
Secretory vesicles
Define apoptosis
Programmed cell death
How apoptosis works
Mitochondria become leaky, cytochrome c come out into cutosol, activate caspases, protein cutting enzymes
Natural, prevent cancer or damages cells
What is necrosis
Uncontrolled, accidental killing of healthy cells
Can’t move na out, H2O goes in, burst
Happens often after lack of o2, heart attack
Does apoptosis or necrosis use energy
Apoptosis
Does apoptosis or necrosis have an inflammatory response
Necrosis
What happens from too much apoptosis
Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Stroke
4 functions of plasma membrane
Mechanical barrier
Control in and out
Joining of cells
Communication
Phospholipid bilayer membrane proteins (7)
Transmembrane channel protein
Active carrier protein
Docking marker acceptors for vesicle leaving
Enzymes
Chemical receptors
Cell adhesion molecules (hold cells together)
Glycoproteins for recognition
Stays for Caucasian kids with CF
1/2000
What channels are defective in CF, what protein faulty
Chloride (CFTR protein)
Explain cystic fibrosis
Defect in CFTR protein, chloride channels faulty, na cl not absorbed so accumulates in fluid lining airway.
Cilia can’t clear, common chest infection, defensin (natural antibiotic) can’t function in salt
Where does CF affect
Respiratory
Pancreatic
Male reproductive system
How is respiration affected by cf
Thick mucous
Chest infection
Lung tissue fibrotic (scarred) harder to inflate, increase in work for breathing
What part of digestive system affected by cf, how
Pancreatic duct blocked
Enzymes for digestion not delivered
Malnutrition
Enzyme accumulate in pancreas, make cyst so become fibrotic
3 methods of cell adhesion
CAMs (cell adhesion molecules in membrane)
EC matrix
Specialised cells
..
..
What is extracellular matrix, what fibre proteins
Intricate mesh work of fibrous proteins
Collagen, elastin and fibronectin
Examples of specialised cell adhesion molecules
desmosome, tight junction
What is a desmosome, what it composed of?
Specialised cell adhesion model
Plaque, filament
Structure of desmosome
Plaque (cytosol thickened on inside wall of adjacent cells), filaments (cadherins) hold cells together. Keratin often involved, it’s a intracellular intermediate cytoskeleton filament
Membrane potential define
Separation of opposite charges across membrane, difference in electric potential
3 ions in/out for everyone 2 ions in/out?
Every 3 sodium out, 2 potassium out
When does dynamic equilibrium occur across membrane
When electrical gradient and concentration gradient balanced
Equilibrium potential for potassium, number? What does it mean
-90mv
Point conc gradient matches movement of electrical gradient for potassium
Equilibrium potential for sodium
+60mv
Point when conc gradient movement equals electrical gradient
Total equilibrium potential for na and k, also know as
-70mv
Resting potential
What cells are excitable cells
Nerve
Muscle
Factors affecting rate of net diffusion
Conc gradient of substance
SA
Molecular weight
Distance
2 types of assisted membrane transport
Carrier mediated transport- small size water soluble substances across membrane, specific, slow (glucose)
Vesicular transport- large water soluble molecules and multi molecular particles between ECF and ICF fast (ions)
Does facilitated diffusion need ATP
No
Primary active transport vs secondary
Primary ATP directly used to move molecules
Secondary energy produced from moving molecules used to move others
2 mechanisms of secondary active transport
Symport (cotransport) solute moves in same direction as gradient of driving ion
Antiport (counter transport) solute moves in opposite direction to gradient of driving ions
