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Biology GCSE Struggles > Homeostasis & Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis & Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

It acts as a coordination centre, helping to maintain body temperature and the water content of the blood.
It is involved in homeostasis.

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2
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

It controls movement - muscle coordination.

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3
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Unconscious activities e.g. heart & breathing rate.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Memory, Intelligence, Language & Consciousness.

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5
Q

Give and describe three ways people can study the brain.

A
  • Study people with brain damage - the effect on the person relates to the brain part’s function.
  • Electrically stimulate the brain - the effect on the person relates to the brain part’s function.
  • MRI scan a person’s brain while they are doing an activity - you can see different parts of the brain getting stimulated.
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6
Q

Where does deamination occur?
What is it?

A

The liver.
Excess proteins & amino acids are broken down into ammonia.

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7
Q

Where is ammonia converted to urea?

A

The liver.

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8
Q

Give 2 ways to balance the water that’s lost from the body.

A
  • Drinking more water.
  • Kidneys selectively reabsorb more water into the blood (producing a lower volume of urine).
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9
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

Pituitary gland.

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10
Q

Explain how negative feedback controls the water content in the body.

A
  • Hypothalamus detects low water content.
  • Pituitary gland releases more ADH.
  • This makes the kidney tubules more permeable to water.
  • More water is selectively reabsorbed.
  • This returns the water content of the blood back towards the optimum via negative feedback.
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11
Q

How does the body digest food?

A

Mechanical digestion - churning in the stomach, peristalsis in the oesophagus
Chemical digestion - enzymes e.g. bile amylase, proteases & lipases.

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12
Q

Where is bile a) produced and b) stored?

A

a) liver
b) gall bladder

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13
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Increases your heart rate, so more oxygen and glucose can reach the brain and muscle cells. Allows for the ‘fight or flight’ response.

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14
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal glands (found on the top of the kidneys).

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15
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland.

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16
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

Thyroid gland (butterfly-shaped gland found in the front of the neck).

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17
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Stimulates the basal metabolic rate, playing an important role in growth and development.

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18
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the internal or external environment that causes a response.

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19
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System
Brain & spinal cord

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20
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Periphery Nervous System

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21
Q

Explain how the body maintains a stable internal environment of blood glucose.

A
  • Receptor in the pancreas?detects too high a blood glucose concentration.
  • The pancreas releases insulin into the blood. This causes cells to take up more glucose from the bloodstream and causes more glucose to be converted into glycogen in the liver & muscle cells?.
  • This reduces the blood glucose concentration back towards the optimum via negative feedback.
  • If the blood glucose concentration becomes too low, the pancreas detects this and releases glucagon.
  • This causes the break down of glycogen back into glucose which is then released into the blood, increasing the the blood glucose concentration back towards the optimum via negative feedback.
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22
Q

What is the purpose of the cornea?

A

Refracts light as it goes into the eye.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the iris?

A

Controls the size of the pupil and thus the amount of light that enters the eye.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the retina?

A

Contains light receptors and sends electrical signals to the brain (which it can understand) through the optic nerve.

25
Q

What is the purpose of the sclera?

A

Tough white outer layer of the eye that protects it from injury.

26
Q

What is the purpose of the lens?

A

Further refracts the light that enters the eye so that it focuses on the retina.

27
Q

What is the purpose of the optic nerve?

A

Carries electrical impulses from the eye to the brain.

28
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that controls growth in roots and shoots.

29
Q

Explain how auxin causes plant shoots to grow.

A
  • Auxin accumulates on the tips of shoots.
  • The side facing the light has less auxin as the light causes it to degrade.
  • This means the shaded side has more auxin so these cells are stimulated to grow more (they elongate faster).
  • This causes shoots to grow towards the light (positive phototropism).
30
Q

Explain how auxin causes plant roots to grow.

A
  • More auxin builds up on the underside of the tips of roots due to gravity.
  • This stimulates the bottom of roots to grow faster than the top.
  • This causes roots to grow downwards (positive gravitropism).
31
Q

Define positive geotropism.

A

Growth of a plant towards the pull of gravity.

32
Q

Define positive phototropism.

A

Growth of a plant towards a light source

33
Q

Describe a method to investigate seedlings’ response to gravity.

A
  • Place five cress seedlings into a petri dish lined with damp cotton wool and repeat for four others.
  • Rotate and position each petri dish vertically in a bright, warm, moist room.
  • Position each root in each petric dish in a different direction.
  • Wait one week and check the direction each root is growing in.
34
Q

Describe three uses of auxins.

A
  • Rooting powder
  • ** Weed killers
  • For promoting growth in tissue culture**
35
Q

Describe three uses of gibberellins.

A
  • Bigger seedless varieties of fruit
  • Ends seed dormancy (initiates seed germination)
  • Promotes flowering
36
Q

What use can ethene have?

A

Ethene controls cell division so helps ripen fruit (commercially used to reduce damage to fruit during storage and transport).

37
Q

Where can excess glucose be stored in the body?

A

Liver and muscle cells (glycogen stores).

38
Q

Where is FSH released from?

A

The pituitary gland.

39
Q

Where is oestrogen released from?

A

The ovaries.

40
Q

Where is progesterone released from?

A

The remains of the follicle after ovulation (in the ovaries).

41
Q

Where is LH released from?

A

The pituitary gland.

42
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Stimulates LH production and inhibits FSH production.

43
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A

They contain oestrogen/progesterone that inhibit FSH production,
so no eggs mature.

44
Q

How do implants or patches work?

A

They slowly release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years.

45
Q

Why is progesterone useful for contraception?

A

It can help produce a thick mucus that stops sperm from getting through and reaching an egg.

46
Q

Where do contraceptive implants go?

Extra info for general knowledge to help you picture it.

A

Under the skin of the upper arm.

47
Q

Where can you put contraceptive patches?

Extra info for general knowledge to help you picture it.

A

e.g. lower abdomen, upper outer arm, upper body.

48
Q

What is an IUD and how does it work?

A

Intrauterine device, a T-shaped contraceptive device.
There are two types:
** * plastic IUDs prevent the egg from implanting in the uterus
* copper IUDs prevent sperm from surviving in the uterus.**

49
Q

Are plastic IUDs hormonal?

A

They can be - plastic ones aren’t (barrier method only) but metals ones, but some can.

50
Q

What’s another word for an intrauterine device?

A

The coil.

51
Q

What is a (contraceptive) diaphragm?

A

A plastic cup placed over the cervix before sexual intercourse.

52
Q

Is a diaphragm hormonal?

A

No - they’re a barrier method. Spermicide is used with them, which doesn’t have hormones.

53
Q

Define vasectomy.

A

Permanent male sterilisation that cuts the supply of sperm to the semen (sperm ducts).

54
Q

Give two disadvantages of sterilisation.

A
  • It is a (mostly) permanent method (positive and negative view).
  • Although rare, the tubes (oviducts/sperm ducts) have the potential to rejoin.
55
Q

What hormones are used when a woman can’t have children of her own? Explain why.

A

FSH and LH - stimulates the maturation of eggs and ovulation.

56
Q

Give two disadvantages to giving a woman hormones to increase the likelihood of fertilisation.

A
  • Doesn’t work lots of the time, so repeats are needed - this is expensive.
  • Lots of eggs can be stimulated at once - this can lead to twins, triplets etc.
57
Q

Briefly describe how IVF is carried out.

A
  • The woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs.
  • These eggs are collected. Sperm is collected from the man.
  • The sperm can be directly injected into the eggs to fertilise them in a lab if the man has sperm count issues (ICSI).
  • The zygotes are placed in an incubator.
  • When they develop into a ball of cells (embryo) one or two are selected and implanted into the uterus lining.
58
Q

Give two advantages of IVF.

A
  • Allows parents who couldn’t have a baby normally to have them.
  • Embryos can be genetically tested before they’re implanted.
59
Q

Give three disadvantages of IVF.

A
  • Low success rate - mentally stressful & upsetting.
  • Side effects/reactions from the hormones e.g. vomiting & abdominal pain.
  • Can lead to multiple births - a risk for the children & mother.

Biology GCSE Struggles (4 decks)

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