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Biology GCSE Struggles > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Who proposed a level of classification above Kingdom?

A

Carl Woese.

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2
Q

What investigations did Woese do?

A
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3
Q

What was this level of classification above Kingdom called?

A

Three domain system.

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the three domain system?

A
  • Bacteria - true bacteria
  • Archaea - extremophile bacteria
  • Eukayota - plants, animals, protists & fungi
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5
Q

Who suggested how characteristics in plants are passed on (before Darwin)?

A

Mendel.

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6
Q

What important conclusion did Mendel reach?

A

The inheritance of each characteristic is determined by ‘units’ (genes) that are passed on to descendants unchanged.

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7
Q

Explain why the importance of Mendel’s discovery was not recognised until after his death.

A
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8
Q

How was Mendel’s work built upon?

A

In the late 19th century, behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed. In the 20th century, chromosomes were observed to behave similar to Mendel’s ‘units’, leading to the idea that the ‘units’, now called genes, were located on chromosomes.

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9
Q

Describe how DNA is copied.

A
  • The helix structure is unwound & unzipped.
  • A template (enzyme RNA) attaches to the DNA in a non-coding region just before the gene.
  • The RNA moves along the DNA strand, forming a strand of mRNA (messenger RNA)
  • Because the opposite base bonds with the exposed DNA bases, the strand of mRNA is an opposite copy of the DNA strand - it’s a complementary copy.
  • The mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to a ribosome.
  • Proteins are synthesised on the ribosomes. Carrier molecules bring amino acids in the correct order to make the specific protein.
  • When the protein chain is complete, it folds to form a unique shape, enabling the proteins to do their job.
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10
Q

What bases do RNA nucleotides contain?

A

RNA nucleotides contain the same bases as DNA, except that T is replaced by U (the base U pairs with A).

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of proteins?

A
  • Hormones
  • Structural proteins (e.g. collagen)
  • Catalysts
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12
Q

Give 3 examples of the different functions of proteins in the body.

A
  • Structural - collagen
  • Catalysts - proteases, lipases, amylase
  • Hormones - insulin, glucagon
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13
Q

Who else had similar ideas about evolution to Darwin?

A
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14
Q

What else is this guy famous for?

A

Warning colours on animals.

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15
Q

Give an alternative name for selective breeding.

A
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16
Q

Name 2 plant cloning methods.

A
  • Tissue culture
  • Taking cuttings
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17
Q

Explain how you could use tissue cultures to clone a plant.

A
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18
Q

Name 2 animal cloning methods.

A
  • Adult cell cloning
    *
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19
Q

Explain how you could use adult cell cloning to clone an animal.

A
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20
Q

’’

A
21
Q

Gie 4 ways humans have used genetic engineering.

A

*

22
Q

How was Dolly the sheep created?

A

Using adult cell cloning (first mammal).

23
Q

Give 2 advantages of GM crops.

A

*

24
Q

What type of plants did Mendel use?

A

Pea plants.

25
Q

What 3 conclusions did Mendel reach?

A
26
Q

What were Mendel’s “units”?

A

Genes.

27
Q

How does the body digest food?

A

Mechanical digestion - churning in the stomach, peristalsis in the oesophagus
Chemical digestion - enzymes e.g. bile amylase, proteases & lipases.

28
Q

How do you study the brain?

Not sure what topic it’ meant to be in.

A
29
Q

What was Lamarck’s hypothesis about evolution?
Give an example.

A
30
Q

Why was Lamarck’s hypothesis rejected?

A
31
Q

Give three reasons why Darwin’s hypothesis was controversial at the time.

A
  • His ideas went against the religious beliefs of the time.
  • Few studies by other scientists at the time.
  • He had no ideas how useful characteristics appeared or how they were passed on between organisms.
32
Q

Explain why Darwin’s hypothesis was not rejected. (3 reasons)

A
33
Q

Why is Darwin’s hypothesis to explain how evolution occurs now a theory?

A
34
Q

What is the Linnaean system?

A
35
Q

Who developed the original classification system?

A

Carl Linnaeus.

36
Q

Who developed the binomial system?

A

Carl Linnaeus.

37
Q

Give a benefit of the binomial classification system.

A
38
Q

What do genes code for?

A
39
Q

How have humans benefitted from sequencing the complete human genome? (3 ways)

A
40
Q

Give a function of the non-coding parts of DNA.

A

Switching genes on and off.

41
Q

State two reasons why there might be variation in a population.

A
  • Genetic variation?
  • Mutations
42
Q

Give three types of mutations.

A
  • Substitution
  • Insertion
  • Deletion
43
Q

Is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive.

44
Q

Describe the process of meiosis.

A
  • Subcellular structures and chromosomes replicate.
  • Chromosomes form X-shapes, line up at the equator of the cell and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by cell fibres.
  • Cell membrane & cytoplasm divide - this is the first cell division.
  • The cell divides a second time, forming four cells that each have half the genetic information of the original cell (they are genetically different - they only have a single set of chromosomes).
45
Q

Name four organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

A
  • Strawberry plant runners
  • Daffodils (bulb divsion)
  • Malarial parasites.
  • Fungi
46
Q

Give four benefits of asexual reproduction.

A
  • Only one parent is needed.
  • More time and energy efficient as there’s no need to find a mate.
  • Faster than sexual reproduction.
  • Many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable.
47
Q

Give three benefits of sexual reproduction.

A
  • Produces variation in the offspring
  • Makes the gene pool larger, so if the environment changes, variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection
  • natural selection can be sped up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.
48
Q

Define variation.

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population.

Biology GCSE Struggles (4 decks)

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