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bio > Homeostasis part 2 > Flashcards

Homeostasis part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The adrenal gland

A
  • dome/mushroom shped
  • on top of kidneys
    -produces cortisol to raise blood sugar
  • adrenal cortex is the outer region and largest part of the gland.
  • adrenal medula is located inside the cortex, produces hormones such as adrenaline
  • cortex and medula are wrapped in adipose capsule as a protective layer
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2
Q

Epinephrine/adrenaline

A
  • secreted from adrenal medula
  • targets eyes (dialte), skin, heart, muscles, liver, airways
  • emergency response, fight or flight/acute stress response
  • eyes dialate, heart pumps faster, muscles get more blood flow, liver releases glucose for more ATP to run
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2
Q

Pancreas

A
  • underneath stomach
  • produces insulin to manage blood sugar levels and makes glucagon
  • a-cells secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose, it releases from glycogen store in the liver
  • b-cells secrete insulin which moves glucose into body cells to reduce blood glucose
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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Targets adrenal cortex
  • Stimulates release of cortisol
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4
Q

Cortisol

A
  • secreted from adrenal cortex
  • targets muscle cells
  • muscle is broken down into amino acids which are then used to make glucose
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5
Q

Insulin

A
  • secreted from pancreas b cells
  • targets body cells
  • insulin moves glucose from bloodstream to cells all over the body
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6
Q

Glucagon

A
  • secreted from pancreas a cells
  • targets liver
  • releases glucose from glycogen storage
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7
Q

Cushing’s case study

A
  • high cortisol
  • weight gain, easily bruised, loss of muscle mass, high blood glucose
  • in women causes increased body hair and menstrual irregularities. Men develop erectile and fertility problems. Children become obese and have a slowed growth rate.
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8
Q

The thyroid gland

A
  • butterfly shaped with 2 lobes and located in the neck below the larynx
  • A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Often caused by a deficiency in iodine which is needed for the production of thyroxine. Happens because the thyroid gland is constantly stimulated by TSH
  • Parathyroid glands are 4 small glands on the thyroid
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8
Q

Diabetes case study

A
  • low insulin
  • excessive thirst and urination, weight loss and vommiting
  • Type 1 diabetes since shes young likely
  • Fruity breath because glucose is unable to enter cells, the body uses fats as fuel or when it deaminates amino acids. fat metabolism produces ketones which can have a fruity smell.
  • body canabalizes itself to make ATP
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9
Q

What are tropic hormones

A

Hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

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9
Q

Symptoms: easily tired, swelling in the neck, increased sensitivity to cold, left sided headache, menses early and profusely

A
  • Thyroid gland and low thyroxine
  • If no thyroxine is being produced then excess TRH and TSH will be produced, excess TSH will continue to stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to swell
  • This person likely has hypothyroidism, meaning that their metabolic rate is slowed. Metabolic activity increases body heat –> also explains the weight gain
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10
Q

Dwarfism

A
  • Low growth hormone
  • large head, short stature, shortening of arms, facial hypoplasia and saddle nose
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11
Q

gynecomastia

A
  • in males, breast tissue swells and becomes tender, is asymetrical and areola changes in pigment
  • Low testosterone, which stimulates secondary sex characteristics
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11
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  • Could be caused by calcitonin (low) or parathyroid hormone (high)
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12
Q

Corpus luteum

A
  • endocrine structure in ovaries, structure composed of scar tissue (from ovulation) and prepares lining by secreting progesterone
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13
Q

Symptoms: Pituitary Adenoma, headaches and vision loss, changes in mentrual cycle.

A
  • Could be FSH or LH (it would be most likely LH if she were male)
  • They regulate menstrual cycle
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14
Q

Why can birth control improve acne

A
  • they decrease androgens (male sex hormones) which in turn results in less sebum (oily surface of the skin) therefore less acne. *Adrenal glands and ovaries of females produce small amounts of androgens
  • progesterone is the hormone that prevents pregnancy –> it inhibits follicular developement by tricking the body into thinking its pregnant so it doesn’t ovulate.
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15
Q

Where does waste come from?

A
  • body converts complex organic compounds to simpler compounds, many are toxic or harmful
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16
Q

Ways your body eliminates waste

A
  • Lungs: eliminate CO2 during cellular respiration
  • Large intestine: eliminates toxic digestive wastes and indigestible material (like fibre)
    -Liver: Alcohol, heavy metals and hazardous waste rom protein (ammonia) and nucleic acid (uric acid) catabolism are transformed into soluble compounds
    -Kidneys: eliminate soluble products produced by the liver (ammonia, urea, uric acid, alcohol, etc)
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17
Q

Waste from proteins

A
  • excess protein is converted to carbohydrates (N2 must be removed)
  • This is done by deamination in the liver (amino group is removed, making ammonia)
  • Ammonia is very toxic (0.005 mg can kill a human)
  • Fish remove ammonia through gills constantly, land animals store it
  • In the liver, ammonia is combined with CO2, making urea which is less toxic
18
Q

Reabsorption in urination

A
  • 600mL of fluid flows through human kidneys every minute, 120mL of that is filtered through nephrons.
  • But only 1mL of urine is formed for each120mL filtered through the nephron, the rest is reabsorbed
  • Reabsorption: transfer of the glomerular filtrate from the nephron (proximal tubule) back into capillaries (in cortex or medula of kidney)
  • Occurs by active and passive transport
  • Carrier molecules move Na+ ions across membranes of the cell lining the nephron
  • Negative ions (Cl, HCO3) follow positive ions by charge attraction
  • reabsorption occurs until the threshold level of a substance is reached
  • Excess remains in the nephron and is excreted with the urine
  • Glucose and amino acids use carrier molecules to shuttle them out of the nephron into the blood
  • Threshold level applies so high blood glucose causes excretion of sugar in urine
  • High amount of solutes being transported out of the nephron creates osmotic gradient drawing water out of the nephron (in the loop of henle)
  • as water is reabsorbed from the nephron along loop of henle, remaining solutes become more concentrated, then more NaCl is lost from the filtrate due to osmosis
18
Q

Excretion in unicellular organisms

A
  • Are in direct contact with their environment so waste excreted directly from cell
  • have a contractile vacuole to expel excess water so they don’t burst due to osmosis
19
Q

Filtration of urine

A
  • Blood passes through a selectively permeable membrane
  • Each nephron has an independent blood supply
  • Blood moves through afferent arteriole into glomerulus (high pressure filter) then out through efferent arteriole
  • Dissolved solutes (ex. ions, glucose, amino acids, urea) pass through the walls of the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule moving from high
    –> low pressure
  • The following are too large to move through the walls of the glomerulus: plasma, proteins, erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets
20
Q

Secretion

A

The movement of wastes from blood into the nephron
- Including: Nitrogen-containing wastes, H+ ions, some drugs (ex. penicillin)
- Cells loaded with mitochondria line the distal tubule and tubular secretion occurs by active transport, but unlike reabsorption, molecules are shuttled from the blood into the nephron

21
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Blood glucose is abnormally high, causing increased urination
  • glucose in urine because kidneys can’t filter so much glucose
  • threshold level is exceeded, excess glucose remains in filtrate, osmostic gradient cannot be established at proximal tubule
  • water that can’t be reabsorbed by the nephron becomes urine
22
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A
  • causes the body to make too much urine, but blood glucose is normal
  • ADH deficiency, water is not reabsorbed at distal tubule
  • excessive thirst and dehydration
23
Q

UTIs

A
  • if bladder has a bacterial or viral infection, disorder is called cystitis. If its the urethra, urethritis
  • More common in females –> urethra and anal tracts are closer together, more bacteria travel
  • Symptoms include: burn when pee, need to pee when no pee is stored, bloody or brown pee
  • could result in kidney damage or failure
  • to prevent: wipe front to back, drink lots of water
24
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • Crystaline formations
  • form due to excess calcium in urine
  • caused by reccurent urinary tract infection, not enough water, low activity levels
  • depending on size, meds can break them if less than 20 mm in diameter, ultrasounds can break them or surgery
25
Q

Renal insufficiency

A
  • General term used to descrive state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to nephron damage. Causes could be kidney infection, high blood pressure, diabetes millitus, polycystic kidney disease, trauma or constant vibration to lower back, poisoning, atherosclerosis (the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls), blockage of tubules
  • Nephrons can regenerate kidney function after short term injuries
  • If over 75% of nephrons are destroyed, urine output is inadequate to maintain homeostasis
  • Would need transplant or artificial kidney that performs blood-cleaning process called dialysis
26
Q

Dialysis

A
  • the diffusion of dissolved substances through a semi-permeable membrane
  • Substances move from high concentration to low
  • Other substances can be put into blood like bicarbonate ions to reduce to reduce blood activity
  • Hemodialysis: uses artificial membrabe in an external device
  • Peritoneal: uses lining of intestines, called peritoneum as introduced to abdominal cavity where the large surface area and rich supplu of capillaries of perioneum slowly filters blood
27
Q

Kidney transplants

A
  • dialysis is temprary, people with 10% less kidney function eventually need a transplant
  • alot of need for kidneys, not alot of donors
  • surgery has a high success rate
27
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • made by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary
  • stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation after birth
28
Q

TRH

A
  • secreted by hypothalamus
  • stimulates pituitary to release TSH
29
Q

Thyroxine

A
  • Secreted by thyroid gland
  • Controls rate of cellular respiration
  • Low –> hypothyroidism (cold and weight gain)
  • High –> hyperthyroidism (hot and weight loss)
30
Q

TSH

A
  • Secreted by anterior pituitary
  • Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine
31
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • released by parathyroid glands
  • released due to low calcium in blood
  • breaks down bones to secrete calcium
  • causes kidney to reabsorb calcium from urine, activating vitamin D
  • calcium absorption from intestines
32
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • released by thyroid gland
  • released when calcium levels in the blood are high, stimulates uptake of calcium into bones
32
Q

Antagonistic hormones

A

Hormones that perform opposite actions ex. insulin and glucagon

33
Q

Growth hormone

A
  • secreted from anterior pituitary
  • increase in protein synthesis and cell division
  • release stored fats
  • low –> dwarfism
  • High –> acromegaly
34
Q

GnRH

A
  • secreted by the hypothalamus
  • Causes pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
35
Q

FSH

A
  • secreted from anterior pituitary
  • In males –> stimulates sperm production
  • In females –> stimulates egg production
36
Q

Estrogen

A
  • secreted from ovaries
  • Develop Female secondary sex characteristics
36
Q

LH

A
  • secreted from anterior pituitary
  • In makes –> stimulates testosterone production
  • In females –> stimulate estrogen production, formation of corpus luteum
36
Q

Progesterone

A
  • secreted from corpus luteum
  • prepares endometrium (lining) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow
37
Q

Renin/Angiotensin

A

-juxtaglomerular apparatus (renin)
- Renin causes blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure

37
Q

Testosterone

A
  • secreted from testes (small amounts from adrenal gland and ovaries in women)
  • Develop secondary sex characteristics
38
Q

ADH

A
  • Secreted from hypothalamus
  • Causes kidney to produce less water, therefore less pee
39
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • secreted from adrenal cortex
  • regulates salt/water by increasing its retention in distal tubule and collecting duct
  • excressionif potassium by kidneys
40
Q

Can bio males make estrogen, can bio females make testosterone

A
  • bio males cannot make estrogen, they can consume products with estrogen like soy
  • bio females make small amounts of testosterone in adrenal glands and ovaries

bio (8 decks)

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