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NPB 101 > HOMEOSTASIS, ORGANIZATION, & intro to NS/ES > Flashcards

HOMEOSTASIS, ORGANIZATION, & intro to NS/ES Flashcards

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1
Q

define homeostasis

A

tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable relatively constant internal envir

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2
Q

smallest unit that can perform the basic functions required of all living things

A

cell

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3
Q

tissue

A

groups of specialized cells working together for the same function

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4
Q

types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. muscular
  3. connective
  4. nervous
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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

fx: exchanging materials btwn cell & envir, protection, & secretion

  • epithelial sheets form boundaries
  • glands secrete in response to stimuli
  1. endocrine: ductless ➞ secrete directly into bloodstream
    * ex: pancreas
  2. exocrine: secrete through ducts
    1. sweat glands
    2. sebaceous glands (oil)
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6
Q

muscular tissue

A

fix: cells specialized for contracting ➞ tension & movement
3 types:

  1. Skeletal: movement of skeleton, locomotion
           - most common
       - attached to skeleton all throughout body
       - jaw = strongest
  2. Cardiac: contraction/pumping of heart
  3. Smooth: contraction of openings or tubes
            - ex: stomach, bladder, capillaries
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7
Q

Nervous

A

Fx: specialized cells for initiating & transmitting electrical impulses
- signal transduction & transmission
- communication, coordination, control

a. central: brain
b. peripheral: spinal cord, nerves

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8
Q

basic cell fxs

A
  1. obtaining food/nutrients/O2 from envir
  2. metabolism (cell resp)
  3. eliminating waste
  4. protein synthesis
  5. controlling material
  6. exchange/transport
  7. movement
  8. respond to stimuli
  9. reproduce
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9
Q

ER

A

membrane synthesis

  1. rough: protein synthesis
  2. no ribosomes
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10
Q

golgi complex

A

new proteins from ER are sorted & packaged for transport

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

cellular digestion of foreign substances & debris, detoxification

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12
Q

peroxisomes

A

fatty acid degradation

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13
Q

proteasomes

A

H2O2 production ➞ degrades intracellular proteins tagged by ubiquitin

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

connects, supports, & anchors

  • majority of extracellular material w/ a few cells interspersed
  • loose connective: attaches epithelial to underlying structures
  • tendons: attach skeletal muscles to bone
  • bone: gives shape, support, & protection
    - responsible for blood production
    - pelvis/femur = largest bones ➞ most blood production
    - larger bones = strongest ➞ harder to break
  • blood: transports materials throughout body
  • decrease in height throughout day due to compaction of connective tissue
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15
Q

body systems

A
  1. circulatory
  2. respiratory
  3. digestive
  4. skeletal
  5. muscular
  6. urinary
  7. nervous
  8. integumentary
  9. immune
  10. endocrine
  11. reproductive
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16
Q

control center for temperature

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

homeostatic control system

A
  1. sensor detects deviations from set point
  2. afferent signal sends info from sensor into control center/integrator
  3. control center processes info
  4. efferent signal sends info from control center out to effectors, which carry out response
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18
Q

negative feedback

A

response reverses or causes opposite effect of original stimulus

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19
Q

intrinsic control systems

A

built into organs/tissues

  • exercising increases CO2 ➞ smooth muscle of blood vessels in skeletal muscle dilates to increases blood flow & bring O2
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20
Q

extrinsic control systems

A

external system requiring coordinated regulation of multiple organs

  • Low BP, detected by NS, increases HR and constricts vessels
  • Hi BG, detected by endocrine system, exerts hormonal control
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21
Q

Pathophysiology

A

disease; abnormal functioning

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22
Q

feedforward mechanisms

A

activate homeostatic mechanism in anticipation of change based on pattern/routine

  • no detectors/sensors/receptors
  • can be rare/infrequent event ie heartbeat prior to physical exertion
  • circadian rhythms ➞ internally driven by envir cues
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23
Q

direct cell to cell communication

A
  1. gap junctions: transfer small mol/ions
    • proteins
    • electrolytes
  2. transient cell’s surface markers directly linkup
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24
Q

human BG (plasma)

A

~80mg/dL

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25
Q

glucose ↑

A

β cells release insulin

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26
Q

glucose ↓

A

𝝰 cells release glucagon

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27
Q

BG receptors

A

𝞪/β cells

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28
Q

BG control center

A

pancreas

29
Q

BG effector

A

insulin/glucagon

30
Q

largest glycogen storage

A

liver

31
Q

paracrine secretions

A

nearby signaling - two or three cells away

  • ex: estrogen
32
Q

autocrine signaling

A

releases hormones that bind to itself

33
Q

neurotransmitter secretion

A

across synaptic cleft

34
Q

endocrine signaling

A
  • hormones: secrete into bloodstream can travel entire body
    * hormone = extracellular signaling mol; acts at receptors in distal tissues
    * only specific target cells with specific receptors can respond
  • neurohormones: hormone secreted from neuron into bloodstream
35
Q

positive feedback

A

action amplifies initial change

  • does not contribute to homeostasis
  • moves syst away from set-point
  • childbirth, AP, blood clotting, lactatio
36
Q

NS vs ES:
anatomy

A

NS: “wired”
* physical structure
* continuity

ES: “wireless”
* dispersed
* not connected

37
Q

NS vs ES:
chemical messenger

A

NS: neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
* short distance
* close proximity
* fast
* short-lived
* speed

ES: hormones into blood
* distal cells
* long-acting
* duration

38
Q

NS vs ES:
distance

A

NS: very short

ES: long, across entire body

39
Q

NS vs ES:
specificity

A

NS: dependent on anatomy of neuron or target cell

ES: dependent on specificity of target cell binding receptors & responsiveness to hormone

40
Q

NS vs ES:
speed

A

NS: rapid (milliseconds)
ES: slow (min-hrs)

41
Q

NS vs ES:
duration

A

NS: brief (milliseconds)
ES: long (min-d+)

42
Q

hormone

A

extracellular signaling mol that is released into blood & acts at its receptors in distal tissues in order to elicit a physiological response

43
Q

neurotransmitter

A

secreted by neuron & acting directly on its target through synapse
* regulating excitable cells

44
Q

synapse (synaptic cleft)

A

junction between 2 neurons
* short distance
* electrical synapse: 2 neurons connected by gap junction ➞ allow charge-carrying ions to flow directly in either direction
* chemical synapse: chemical messenger transmits info 1 way across a synapse
* can also be from a neuron to a muscle = neuromuscular junction (part of somatic nervous system, not ANS)

45
Q

differences between hormone & neurotransmitter

A
  • distance
  • duration
  • speed
46
Q

similarities between hormone & neuromuscular junction

A
  • signals
  • chemical mol that transmits info
  • bind to receptors
  • main purpose = homeostasis
  • mol can be both:
  • ex: dopamine & N2O2
  • both just functional mol ➞ only diff is how they act & where the body is putting the signal to use, not what they are made of
47
Q

endocrine pancreas hormones

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
48
Q

pituitary hormones

A

anterior:
* adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
* thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
* growth hormone (GH)
* prolactin
* follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* luteinizing hormone (LH)

posterior:
* vasopressin
* oxytocin

49
Q

adrenal gland hormones

A
  • catecholamines - epinephrine & NE
  • glucocorticoids - cortisol
  • mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
  • dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
50
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A
  • thyroxine(T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • calcitonin
51
Q

parathyroid gland hormones

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

52
Q

hormone secreted in white adipose tissue

A

leptin

53
Q

hormone secreted in stomach

A
  • gastrin
  • somatostatin
54
Q

hormone secreted in intestines

A
  • cholecystoskinin
  • secretin
  • GLP-1
  • GIP
55
Q

hormone secreted in kidney

A

erythropoietin

56
Q

hormone secreted in liver

A

insulin-like growth factor-1

57
Q

hormone secreted by hypothalamus

A
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone ➞ stimulates adrenal to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone ➞ simulates thyroid to secrete T3/T4
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins ➞ stimulate gonads to secrete sex hormones
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete GH ➞ stimulates liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1)
58
Q

pineal gland hormone

A

melatonin

59
Q

hormone classifications

A

hydrophilic
1. the amines: amino acid derivatives
2. peptide hormones

lipophilic
1. thyroid hormones: derived from 2 tyrosines + iodine
2. steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol

60
Q

the amines: amino acid derivative hormones

A
  • dopamine, NE, & EP from tyrosine
  • melatonin from tryptophan
61
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • all pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon, etc)
  • all GI tract hormones (secretin, gastrin, CCK, GLP-1, GIP, etc)
  • all hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones (except dopamine)
  • all anterior & posterior pituitary hormones
  • angiotensin II
  • insulin-like growth factor I
  • erythropoietin
  • atrial natriuretic peptide
  • calcitocin
62
Q

thyroid hormones

A

derived from 2 tyrosine + iodine
* thyroxine (T4)
* triiodothyronine (T3)

63
Q

steroid hormones

A

modified cholesterol
* estrogens
* androgens (testosterone, anabolic steroids)
* progestins (progesterone, birth control)
* glucocorticoids (cortisol)
* mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
* vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3)

64
Q

most hormones are ____ and therefore are _______ & act through ______

A

most hormones are peptide hormones
therefore are hypophilic
act through receptors on target cell surfaces

65
Q

steroidogenesis

A

biological process of steroid hormone production
* steroidogenic enzymes make steroids from cholesterol
* steroids retain lipophilic properties but can now pass through cell membrane
* adrenal cortex:
* cholesterol
* progesterone
* cortisol
* aldosterone
* gonads
* cholesterol
* progesterone
* testosterone
* estradiol

66
Q

steroid hormone receptors vs peptide hormone receptors

A

lipophilic receptors inside target cell cytoplasm or nucleus

peptide receptors on target cell surface

67
Q

hydrophilic vs lipophilic hormone storage

A

hydrophilic can be stored in secretory vesicles after synthesis
* immediate release

lipophilic diffuse out of the cell as soon as synthesized
* once target cell receptor is signaled cell must start transcription & translation to synthesize new hormone

ex: epinephrine = amine ➞ immediate release in response to stress while cortisol takes time to synthesize

68
Q

hydorphilic vs lipophilic hormone transport through bloodstream

A

hypophilic are soluble in plasma

lipophilic are bound to proteins as they circulate
* protein carries form temporary association
* can bounce off at any point
* no specific target cell/receptor location
* bathe every cell but only work on target cells with receptors
* body accounts for percentage always flowing in bloodstream when synthesis

69
Q

hydrophilic vs lipophilic hormone metabolism & excretion

A

secreted hormones can be modified to become less active

hydorphilic can be cleaved by circulating general proteases
* peptides can be easily cleaved

lipophilic can be made more water soluble ∴ can be easily excreted in urine
* liver enzyme modifies
* normal lipophilic

secreted hormones can be modified to become more active

hydorphilic can be cleaved by specific proteolytic enzymes
* ex: angiotensinogen from liver reacts with renin in blood secreted by kidney to form angiotensin I which it cut by angiotensin converting enzyme from lung to made angiotensin II ➞ important in BP

lipophilic are modified by enzymes inside target cell
* ex: thyroxine (T4) rxts w/ deiodinase ➞ tri-iodothyronine (T3) = most active form
* ex: testosterone rxts w/ 5⍺ reductase ➞ dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

NPB 101 (13 decks)

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