Homeostasis + Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards
Define
Homeo:
Stasis:
Similarity
Standing still, constant
A relative constancy in the internal environment of the
body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that
promote healthy survival.
Homeostasis
Adaptation factors (AEHEAI)
Age Environment Holistic response Endurance Adaptation mechanism Illness
STRESS
French word “estrecier” means ___
to tighten
Forms of Stressors (PPP)
Physical
Psychological
Psychosocial
Duration of Stressors (A,S,CI,CE)
Acute
Sequence
Chronic intermittent
Chronic enduring
(T/F) Stressors only include major life events
FALSE, it also includes day to day hassles
Factors affecting response to stressors (PBN)
Physiological functioning
Behavioral characteristics
Nature of stressor
Match the adaptation to stressor:
- Reflex
- Instinct
- Coping mechanism
- Automatic body mechanism
A. Physiological
B. Psychological
1A
2B
3B
4A
Differentiate Local Adaptation Syndrome and General Adaptive Syndrome
LAS: localized, short term, to maintain stability
GAS: neuroendocrine, fight or flight, whole body
Differentiate the resistance and exhaustion stage of GAS
Resistance: stable hormone levels
Exhaustion: energy is depleted, diminished adaptation
Fight or flight is effective but it is not ___ because __
efficient
sustainable
(T/F)
Humans are made up of 40% water
Men have more body fluids than women (hydrophobic fats)
Elderly have less water (loss of protein)
FALSE, 60%
TRUE
TRUE
Fill in appropriate percentages ECF: Interstitial: Intravascular: Transcellular: ICF:
1/3 16% 4% <1% 2/3
Components of body fluids (EMC)
Electrolytes: charged ions
Minerals: solutes
Cells; WBC, RBC
Intra/extra?
K:
Na:
K = INTRACELLULARLY Na = EXTRACELLULARLY
Match the movement of fluids to its description:
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active Transport
A. Needs ATP
B. High to Low
C. Low to High
1C
2B
3A
the pressure exerted by a liquid on the semi-permeable membrane
Osmotic / hydrostatic pressure
Differentiate osmolality from osmolarity
Osmolality = water Osmolarity = solution
What is the thirst control center? What triggers the thirst mechanism?
hypothalamus
increased osmolality / blood concentration
Give at least 1 psychological and physiological factor affecting the thirst mechanism?
Psychological: dry mucous membranes
Physiological: blood volume, plasma osmolarity or concentration
ADH or Vasopressin is secreted by the ___ and promotes ___
Aldosterone is secreted by the ___ and promotes ___
Anterior pituitary gland
Water reabsorption w/o Na
Adrenal cortex
Na retention in kidneys
What is the primary organ that promotes water output?
Kidney (sensible water loss)
Where else do we lose water? (SLG)
Skin
Lungs
GI tract
Give the 3 isotonic disturbances and define
Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit = hemoconcentration
Hypervolemia: fluid excess = hemodilution
Third space syndrome: transcellular = get stuck
Differentiate isotonic from osmolar disturbances
Isotonic: water and electrolytes are lost or retained
Osmolar: only water is lost or retained
What are the nursing interventions for isotonic disturbances?
Priority: manage underlying condition Monitor I&O Weigh Regulate IV Monitor BP and auscultate for crackles Assess skin / edema Restrict Na
Give the 2 osmolar disturbances and define
Hyperosmolar: diabetes insipidus (pee too much = dehydration)
Hypoosmolar: excess = hemodilution
(T/F)
Cations are + charged
Are the most significant in the human body
All cations are equal
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE, have own abilities (K vs Na)
Match the cation to its description:
- Potassium
- Magnesium
- Sodium
- Calcium
A. Most abundant in ECF, retains water
B. Bone and teeth, skeletal muscle relaxation
C. Abundant in ICF, muscle contraction, glycogen formation
D. Second most abundant in ICF, enzyme activities, affects CNS
1C
2D
3A
4B
Match the cation to its normal values:
- Sodium
- Magnesium
- Potassium
- Calcium
A. 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
B. 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
C. 135-145 mEq/L
D. 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
1C
2D
3A
4B
Rule of thumb for replacing electrolytes: ___
If mild-moderate, via __
If moderate-severe, via __
Always choose safest and easiest way to replace what is needed
PO
IV
Match the condition to its description
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hypernatremia
- Hyperkalemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Hyponatremia
- Hypokalemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypermagnesemia
A. Often seen in very ill = cannot eat, vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency
B. Alcoholism
C. High content in diet, rapid IV, kidney disease
D. Hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis
E. Excess parenteral administration, laxatives/antacids
F. Diuretics, alkalosis, weak pulse
G. Renal failure, acidosis, cellular damage, dysrhythmias (T wave)
H. Hypoparathyroidism, rapid blood transfusion, pancreatitis
1B 2C 3G 4H 5A 6F 7D 8E
(T/F) you should never push pure K per IV, px may crash
TRUE
Which hormones regulate Calcium?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = bone breakdown Thyrocalcitonin =
What helps absorb dietary Ca?
Vitamin D
How are Ca and P related?
They are inversely proportional
Match the anion to its description:
- HCO3
- Chloride
- Phosphate
A. Chemical base buffer
B. ICF & ECF
C. Genetic information, use of energy
1A
2B
3C
Match the anion to its normal values:
- HCO3
- Phosphate
- Chloride
A. 22-26 or 24-30 mEq/L
B. 100-106 mEq/L
C. 2.5-4.5 mEq/L
1A
2C
3B
