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Medical Surgical Nursing - First Sem > Homeostasis + Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Homeostasis + Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define
Homeo:
Stasis:

A

Similarity

Standing still, constant

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2
Q

A relative constancy in the internal environment of the
body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that
promote healthy survival.

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Adaptation factors (AEHEAI)

A 
Age
Environment
Holistic response
Endurance
Adaptation mechanism
Illness
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4
Q

STRESS

French word “estrecier” means ___

A

to tighten

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5
Q

Forms of Stressors (PPP)

A

Physical
Psychological
Psychosocial

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6
Q

Duration of Stressors (A,S,CI,CE)

A

Acute
Sequence
Chronic intermittent
Chronic enduring

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7
Q

(T/F) Stressors only include major life events

A

FALSE, it also includes day to day hassles

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8
Q

Factors affecting response to stressors (PBN)

A

Physiological functioning
Behavioral characteristics
Nature of stressor

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9
Q

Match the adaptation to stressor:

  1. Reflex
  2. Instinct
  3. Coping mechanism
  4. Automatic body mechanism

A. Physiological
B. Psychological

A

1A
2B
3B
4A

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10
Q

Differentiate Local Adaptation Syndrome and General Adaptive Syndrome

A

LAS: localized, short term, to maintain stability
GAS: neuroendocrine, fight or flight, whole body

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11
Q

Differentiate the resistance and exhaustion stage of GAS

A

Resistance: stable hormone levels
Exhaustion: energy is depleted, diminished adaptation

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12
Q

Fight or flight is effective but it is not ___ because __

A

efficient

sustainable

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13
Q

(T/F)
Humans are made up of 40% water
Men have more body fluids than women (hydrophobic fats)
Elderly have less water (loss of protein)

A

FALSE, 60%
TRUE
TRUE

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14
Q 
Fill in appropriate percentages
ECF: 
Interstitial:
Intravascular:
Transcellular:
ICF:
A 
1/3
16%
4%
<1%
2/3
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15
Q

Components of body fluids (EMC)

A

Electrolytes: charged ions
Minerals: solutes
Cells; WBC, RBC

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16
Q

Intra/extra?
K:
Na:

A 
K = INTRACELLULARLY
Na = EXTRACELLULARLY
17
Q

Match the movement of fluids to its description:

  1. Osmosis
  2. Diffusion
  3. Active Transport

A. Needs ATP
B. High to Low
C. Low to High

A

1C
2B
3A

18
Q

the pressure exerted by a liquid on the semi-permeable membrane

A

Osmotic / hydrostatic pressure

19
Q

Differentiate osmolality from osmolarity

A 
Osmolality = water
Osmolarity = solution
20
Q

What is the thirst control center? What triggers the thirst mechanism?

A

hypothalamus

increased osmolality / blood concentration

21
Q

Give at least 1 psychological and physiological factor affecting the thirst mechanism?

A

Psychological: dry mucous membranes
Physiological: blood volume, plasma osmolarity or concentration

22
Q

ADH or Vasopressin is secreted by the ___ and promotes ___

Aldosterone is secreted by the ___ and promotes ___

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Water reabsorption w/o Na

Adrenal cortex
Na retention in kidneys

23
Q

What is the primary organ that promotes water output?

A

Kidney (sensible water loss)

24
Q

Where else do we lose water? (SLG)

A

Skin
Lungs
GI tract

25
Q

Give the 3 isotonic disturbances and define

A

Hypovolemia: fluid volume deficit = hemoconcentration
Hypervolemia: fluid excess = hemodilution
Third space syndrome: transcellular = get stuck

26
Q

Differentiate isotonic from osmolar disturbances

A

Isotonic: water and electrolytes are lost or retained
Osmolar: only water is lost or retained

27
Q

What are the nursing interventions for isotonic disturbances?

A 
Priority: manage underlying condition
Monitor I&O
Weigh
Regulate IV
Monitor BP and auscultate for crackles
Assess skin / edema
Restrict Na
28
Q

Give the 2 osmolar disturbances and define

A

Hyperosmolar: diabetes insipidus (pee too much = dehydration)
Hypoosmolar: excess = hemodilution

29
Q

(T/F)
Cations are + charged
Are the most significant in the human body
All cations are equal

A

TRUE
TRUE
FALSE, have own abilities (K vs Na)

30
Q

Match the cation to its description:

  1. Potassium
  2. Magnesium
  3. Sodium
  4. Calcium

A. Most abundant in ECF, retains water
B. Bone and teeth, skeletal muscle relaxation
C. Abundant in ICF, muscle contraction, glycogen formation
D. Second most abundant in ICF, enzyme activities, affects CNS

A

1C
2D
3A
4B

31
Q

Match the cation to its normal values:

  1. Sodium
  2. Magnesium
  3. Potassium
  4. Calcium

A. 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
B. 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
C. 135-145 mEq/L
D. 1.5-2.5 mEq/L

A

1C
2D
3A
4B

32
Q

Rule of thumb for replacing electrolytes: ___
If mild-moderate, via __
If moderate-severe, via __

A

Always choose safest and easiest way to replace what is needed
PO
IV

33
Q

Match the condition to its description

  1. Hypomagnesemia
  2. Hypernatremia
  3. Hyperkalemia
  4. Hypocalcemia
  5. Hyponatremia
  6. Hypokalemia
  7. Hypercalcemia
  8. Hypermagnesemia

A. Often seen in very ill = cannot eat, vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal insufficiency
B. Alcoholism
C. High content in diet, rapid IV, kidney disease
D. Hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis
E. Excess parenteral administration, laxatives/antacids
F. Diuretics, alkalosis, weak pulse
G. Renal failure, acidosis, cellular damage, dysrhythmias (T wave)
H. Hypoparathyroidism, rapid blood transfusion, pancreatitis

A 
1B
2C
3G
4H
5A
6F
7D
8E
34
Q

(T/F) you should never push pure K per IV, px may crash

A

TRUE

35
Q

Which hormones regulate Calcium?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = bone breakdown Thyrocalcitonin =

36
Q

What helps absorb dietary Ca?

A

Vitamin D

37
Q

How are Ca and P related?

A

They are inversely proportional

38
Q

Match the anion to its description:

  1. HCO3
  2. Chloride
  3. Phosphate

A. Chemical base buffer
B. ICF & ECF
C. Genetic information, use of energy

A

1A
2B
3C

39
Q

Match the anion to its normal values:

  1. HCO3
  2. Phosphate
  3. Chloride

A. 22-26 or 24-30 mEq/L
B. 100-106 mEq/L
C. 2.5-4.5 mEq/L

A

1A
2C
3B

Medical Surgical Nursing - First Sem (9 decks)

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