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Biology - Silva > Homeostasis, Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Homeostasis, Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the process of maintaining balance in an organism’s internal environment

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2
Q

what is a fundamental idea of modern biology?

A

cell theory

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3
Q

what are some examples of homeostasis?

A

maintaining healthy blood pressure, and volume of body water

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4
Q

what are the three principles of cell theory?

A

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure for all living organisms, cells arise only form previous cells and pass their genetic material onto their daughter cells.

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5
Q

what occurs when cells pass copies of their genetic material onto daughter cells?

A
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6
Q

what do all cells have in common?

A

all cells have a plasma membrane

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7
Q

a plasma membrane is a special boundary that does what?

A

helps control what enters and leaves the cell

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8
Q

why do most cells break down molecules?

A

to generate energy

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9
Q

what are the two basic kinds of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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10
Q

which cell contains a nulceus?

A

eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

what are specialized structures that perform specific instructions?

A

organelles

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12
Q

what is a type of organelle found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

a nuclues

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13
Q

what does a nuclues contain?

A

genetic material

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14
Q

which cells do not have a nulcues?

A

prokaryotic cells

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15
Q

what leads us to believe prokayotic cells to be the first on earth?

A

their simplicity

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16
Q

what theory proposes that a symbiotic relationship formed between two prokaryotic cells?

A

the endosymbiont theory

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17
Q

what did the symbiotic relationship between the prokaryotic cells lead to?

A

the creation of the eukaryotic cell

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18
Q

what is the process of maintaining balance in an organism’s environment?

A

homeostasis

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19
Q

what is selective permeablility?

A

being able to allow or not allow something to pass through

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20
Q

when and how much of various substances enter and leave a cell depends on what?

A

the plasma membrane

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21
Q

what are two layers of phospholipids arranged in a way that allows the cell to exist in a watery environment?

A

a phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

hydrophobic?

A

does not like water, the tail

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23
Q

hydrophilic?

A

likes water, head

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24
Q

hydrophilic?

A

likes water, head

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25
Q

the bilayer keeps the internal and external environments separate how?

A

the polar heads face the outside and non-polar tails areon the inside

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26
Q

small uncharged molecules pass through the membrane easier why?

A

because non-polar dissoles water

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27
Q

what role do transport proteins serve in a plasma membrane?

A

to move waste materials and/or needed substances

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28
Q

what molecules move among the plasma membrane?

A

carbohydrates, cholestro, proteins

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29
Q

polar substances dissolve in ___?

A

polar substances

30
Q

non-polar substances dissolve in ___?

A

non-polar substances

31
Q

what are the three roles of proteins in a plasma membrane?

A

recept, transport, and support

32
Q

what does it mean to be a receptor?

A

receptors transmit signals to the inside of the cell

33
Q

what does it mean to be a supporter?

A

a supporter gives the membrane structure and strength

34
Q

what does it mean to be a transporter?

A

to form channels to move substances through the membrane

35
Q

what role does cholesterol play in a plasma membrane?

A

it contributes to the fluidity and prevents the tails from sticking together, also non-polar

36
Q

what roles do carbohydrates play in a plasma membrane?

A

they define the cell’s characteristics and help the cell identify chemical signals

37
Q

what does the condenser on a microscope do?

A

concentrate the light

38
Q

what does the iris diaphragm do on a microscope?

A

controls the amount of light

39
Q

what feature on a microscope allows you to move the specimen?

A

the X-Y stage movement knobs

40
Q

what do vacuoles store?

A

food, enzymes, and waste

41
Q

why don’t plant cells burst?

A

plant cells have a cell wall

42
Q

centrioles are made up of what?

A

microtubules

43
Q

what is the function of centrioles?

A

to pull apart DNA

44
Q

why do mitochondrion have folded membranes?

A

to have multiple reactions on its higher surface area

45
Q

mitochondria is needed for what process?

A

cellular respiration

46
Q

chloroplasts are needed for what process?

A

photosynthesis

47
Q

compare and contrast cilia vs flagella

A

cilia have hair like attachments and several of them, flagella have few longer attachments that move in a whip like movement. they are both microtubules

48
Q

what is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

A

osmosis

49
Q

because of osmosis what happens to water molecules?

A

water molecules will move to the side of the cell with the greater solute concentration

49
Q

because of osmosis what happens to water molecules?

A

water molecules will move to the side of the cell with the greater solute concentration

50
Q

the net movement of water to the side with the greater solute concentration continues until what is reached?

A

dynamic equilibrium

51
Q

true or false?
Facilitated diffusion requires no additional input of energy because the particles are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

false, diffusion and facilitated diffusion are also known as passive transport because neither process requires additional energy input.

52
Q

all the chemical processes of the cell take place directly in?

A

the cytoplasm of the cell

53
Q

what is the semifluid material enclosed by a plasma membrane?

A

cytoplasm

54
Q

all chemical processes take place in cytoplasm in what type of cell?

A

prokaryotes

55
Q

all chemical processes take place in the organelles inside the cytoplasm of what type of cell?

A

eukaryotes

56
Q

what is a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and proved an anchor for the organelles?

A

cytoskeleton

57
Q

what are long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell?

A

microtubules

58
Q

what are thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the part of the entire cell to move?

A

microfilaments

59
Q

a nucleus is surrounded by what?

A

a nuclear enelope, nucleolus

60
Q

which organelle contains most of the cell’s DNA?

A

the nucleus

61
Q

which organelles manufacture proteins?

A

ribosomes

62
Q

where are ribosomes produced?

A

inside the nucleus

63
Q

what is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

what is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins?

A

golgi apparatus

65
Q

Proteins are packaged into sacs called what?

A

vesicles

66
Q

which organelle can fuse to the plasma membrane and release the proteins to the environment?

A

vesicles

67
Q

How are lysosomes important to the immune system?

A

they get rid of harmful bacteria and viruses

68
Q

this organelle is like an energy generator

A

mitochondria

69
Q

How is a cell wall different than a classroom wall?

A

Cell walls are permeable; classroom walls are impermeable, meaning substances cannot pass through. Everything that enters and leaves a plant cell must be able to pass through a cell wall.

Biology - Silva (6 decks)

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