homeostasis and response - HOMEOSTASIS Flashcards
thermoregulation, body temperature, losing/gaining heat, sugar regulation, blood glucose + controlling it, diabetes, osmoregulation/ADH, kidney transplants, hormones/puberty in females
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core body temperature
vital organs deep in the body like liver, kidneys, heart are maintained at 37 degrees C
(70% of your energy is used to keep this up)
skin temperature at body extremities (toes, fingers) are usually lower than core body temp
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more or less tired on a cold day?
on a cold day, you’d be focusing your energy on generating more heat so you’d be more tired and hungry
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how can heat be gained
- movement and exercise
- shivering
- vasoconstriction (turning blue)
- wearing extra clothes
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how can heat be lost
- sweating
- vasodilation (turning red)
- removing extra clothing
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how is temperature controlled (receptors, hypothalamus)
body temp is monitored and controlled by temperature receptors in the skin & brain
–> they detect changes in the temperature of blood flowing through those areas
the thermoregulatory centre is in the brain
if body temp deviates from 37 degrees C:
the hypothalamus & skin receptors send out electrical signals
these trigger actions or behaviour that increase or decrease heat loss
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why do we shiver/get goosebumps
when core body temperature drops, muscles begin to twitch (rapidly contract and relax) –> shivering
shivering generates heat which raises body temperature
goosebumps involuntarily appear when someone becomes cold
they are caused by tiny muscles at the base of body hairs pulling the hairs erect
the upright hairs trap an insulating layer of air which helps reduce heat loss
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vasoconstriction/warming up
why do people go pale when cold?
when core body temperature falls, blood vessels in the skin get narrower - vasoconstriction
–> this reduces the volume of blood flowing near the skin surface so blood runs deeper and reduces the amount of heat loss from the body
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vasodilation/cooling down
why do people turn red when hot?
when core body temperature rises, blood vessels in the skin get wider - vasodilation
–> this allows a larger volume of blood to flow near the surface of the skin, transferring heat to the environment and cooling the body down
additional cooling occurs with production of sweat from sweat glands –> as sweat evaporates, it transfers heat away from the body
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negative feedback control of body temperature
BODY TEMP FALLS
skin sensory nerve endings stimulated
hypothalamus detects change in blood temperature
impulse sent to muscles and skin
shivering (muscle contraction, increased metabolism and relaxation) and vasoconstriction begin
BODY TEMP RISES
skin sensory nerve ending stimulated
hypothalamus detects change in blood temperature
impulse sent to muscles and skin
sweating (losing water through pores in skin to cool by evaporation) and vasodilation begin
BODY TEMP FALLS…..
homeostasis meaning
the process of keeping things the same
a series of automatic control systems ensures that the body maintains a constant temperature and steady levels of water, ions, and blood sugar.
homeostasis allows the body’s cells to work at their optimum
glucose
a type of sugar used by the body to provide energy
glycogen
a storage substance made of glucose stored in the liver
insulin
a hormone (chemical messenger) that tells your body to change glucose –> glycogen
made in the pancreas
glucagon
a hormone that tells your liver to change glycogen BACK –> glucose
made in the pancreas
what affects blood glucose
- eating - rise
- vigorous exercise - fall
dangers of high/low blood glucose
excess glucose - makes blood plasma and tissue fluid around cells TOO CONCENTRATED
–> this can severely damage cells e.g. causing crenation (collapsing) in red blood cells
low blood sugar can make cells swell up and burst - lysis
negative feedback controlling blood glucose levels
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE
Pancreas realises that glucose levels are too high
Pancreas releases insulin (chemical messenger) towards Liver through the bloodstream
Liver receives the message so decreases levels of glucose in blood by taking glucose molecules from the bloodstream and sticking it together* to create glycogen
Liver stores it
*takes a soluble molecule that affects osmosis - sticks it together - creates an insoluble molecule that doesn’t affect osmosis
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS FALL
Pancreas realises that the glucose levels are now too low
Pancreas releases glucagon (chemical messenger) through the bloodstream to Liver
Liver receives the message so takes the stored glycogen and splits it up into glucose again and releases it into the bloodstream to increase the blood glucose levels
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE…
type 1 diabetes
- symptoms and treatment
pancreas unable to produce insulin
symptoms:
- frequent urination
- thirst
- fatigue
- confusion
- collapse
treatment
- control
- frequent blood sugar testing
- high sugar –> inject insulin
- stem cell transplant
type 2 diabetes
- treatment
liver/muscles no longer recognise insulin produced by pancreas
treatment:
- older people - treated with tablets
- metformin persuades liver/muscles to recognise insulin
- regular exercise + healthy diet
- lifestyle change
