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Physiology of Behaviour > Homeostasis and Behaviour > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The constancy of the internal environment

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2
Q

Five chemical parameters for homeostasis

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Fluid balance
  3. Blood glucose
  4. Blood pressure
  5. Blood O2/CO2
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3
Q

Four homeostasis for external conditions

A
  1. Water availability
  2. Food availability
  3. Air temperature
  4. Oxygen availability
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4
Q

What does fluid balance do?

A

Aims to maintain composition and temperature of extra cellular fluid (ECF) at a constant level- in particular, water and sodium

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5
Q

Fluid balance- water

A

Cells need water for virtually all metabolic processes and as solvent for ions

Water is essential for functioning of the nervous system and other physiological processes

Water is continuously lost through perspiration, respiration, urination and defecation so it must be replaced

Very little extra water is stored in the body

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6
Q

Water and thirst

A

Water can pass freely through semi-permeable biological membranes

Elf has 2 primary constituents: fluid component (plasma) and interstitial fluids (contains dissolved solutes and proteins)

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7
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water moves across biological membranes to the compartment with a higher solute concentration

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8
Q

What is osmolality?

A

The concentration of solutes in a solution

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9
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of osmolality

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10
Q

What is hypovolemic thirst? ‘

A

Reduction of blood volume (e.g. by perspiration)

Water, salts and other solutes are lost without necessarily pulling water out of the cell

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11
Q

Hypovolemia and kidney function

A

Reduces blood volume and resulting low blood pressure prevent the kidneys from extracting water effectively

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12
Q

2 types of stimuli provoke the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Intracellular dehydration of cerebral osmoreceptors (during osmotic thirst)
  2. Reduction of blood plasma volume (during hypovolemic thirst)
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13
Q

Intracellular dehydration of cerebral osmoregulation

A

All cells drink in size as water moves into the interstitial space - but when this occurs in cerebral osmoreceptors, they signal the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Reduction of blood plasma volume

A

A loss of blood volume is detected by stretch receptors in walls of cardiac blood vessels.

These receptors signal the PVN and SON to release ADH - which acts as a vasoconstrictorto increase blood pressure

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15
Q

What part of the body is responsible for the thirst response?

A

Brain - Latina terminalis

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16
Q

Energy balance- why do animals eat?

A

They need to meet the needs of the structural part of the body, for example to make bone or muscle, and to obtain energy to fuel cellular processes

17
Q

What are the three complex interactions of energy balance?

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Neuromodulators

These change as an animals fluctuate between a well fed and fasting state

18
Q

Two phases of energy use and storage during a well fed state

A
  1. Postprandial phase
  2. Post absorptive stage
19
Q

What is the postprandial phase?

A

It occurs immediately after eating, were the supply of metabolic fuels enter the bloodstream.

20
Q

What is the postabsorptive phase?

A

It’s a storage of energy access

Insulin secretion stimulate the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver to store in the liver and muscles

Insulin is the sole hormone responsible for energy storage invertebrates

21
Q

What happens in a state of fasting?

A

The influx of energy from the no longer exceeds the body, energy usage requirements

Glucose is a primary feel used by the central nervous system, and during the fasting state glucose is preferred by the brain most of the cells switch to metabolic fatty acids such as lipids to make ATP

22
Q

What is a glycogenesis during a fasting state?

A

The breakdown of glycogen in the liver

23
Q

What is lipolysis during the fasting state?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides, stored in the adipose tissue into free fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

What happens to glucagon during the fasting stage?

A

Glucagon is released from the pancreas, while secretion of insulin is inhibited- glucagon introduces both these processes

25
Q

What happens to the sympathetic nervous system during the fasting state?

A

It acts as an emergency system to release stored energy

Sympathetic nerves that innervate fat cells can induce lipolysis

The liver may also innervate which may signal it’s a release, stored glucagon

26
Q

What does gluconeogenesis do?

A

Takes place entirely in the liver and produces ketone bodies

27
Q

Peripheral signs for regulation of food intake

A

Metabolic hypothesis posits that food intake is responsible for final common metabolic events in metabolism leading to the phosphorylation of ATP

Elevated leptin levels signal, the hypothalamus that fat stores increasing which inhibits eating where is low leptin levels signals, reduce fat stores which stimulates eating

Insulin may signal the CNS via cerebrospinal fluids about the levels of metabolic fuel or fat stores

Circulating levels of G resin our inversely correlated with leptin -high levels increase appetite

28
Q

Two opposing sets of neuronal circuitry

A
  1. Feeding stimulating circuit
  2. Feeding inhibitory circuit
29
Q

What is the feeding stimulatory circuit?

A

FCS produces to neurotransmitters

NPY directly signals the PVN to stimulate feeding behaviour

AgRP indirectly, promotes feeding by blocking the melanocortin-4 receptors

High leptin/insulin concentrations from the periphery inhibit to the NPY/ AgRP pathway

30
Q

What is the feeding inhibitory circuit?

A

FIC produces two neurotransmitters

These produce a-M.SH which operates mainly through the melanocortin-4 receptors to inhibit appetite

Hi leptin/insulin concentrations from the periphery activate the POMC/CART neurons to secrete their products into the PVN and LHA

Physiology of Behaviour (12 decks)

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