Behavioural Endocrinology Flashcards
Nervous VS endocrine systems- speed of action
Nervous = rapid
Endocrine = slower
Nervous VS endocrine systems-how long does the action last?
Nervous= short acting
Endocrine = long acting
Nervous VS endocrine systems-medium of transmission
Nervous= electrical impulses
Endocrine = through bodily fluids
Nervous VS endocrine systems-precision of target
Nervous= very precise
Endocrine = widespread
Nervous VS endocrine systems- mode of control
Nervous= voluntary and involuntary
Endocrine = in voluntary only
What is neuroendocrine?
Neuroendocrine regulation involves the action of both nervous and endocrine systems
What was Bertholds experiment (rooster)
demonstrated experimentally that a product of testees was necessary for an immature Cockrell to develop into a normal adult rooster
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands secreting, organic, chemical messages (hormones) into the blood, lymph or tissue fluid where they may then act on a target tissue or organ
Hormones coordinate the physiology and behaviour of an animal by regulating, integrating and controlling it’s bodily functions.
What are the seven endocrine glands?
- Pituitary gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Ovaries in females and testes in males
- Pancreas
- Thyroid gland
- Hypothalamus.
What does the hypothalamus do?
There are modified neurons called neurosecretory cells, which are specialised for the release of hormones
Neuro hormones are released in response to neuronal impulses
Regulates the activities of the pituitary gland
What are the two types of anatomical components in the pituitary gland?
- Anterior
- Posterior
Pituitary glands and hormones
Neurohormones reach the anterior pituitary by a special closed blood system with two capillary beds, ensuring blood flow in one direction and hormones reach the pituitary
Anterior pituitary hormones
Trophic hormone
e.g. ACTH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin, LH and GH
Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland
Vasopressin and oxytocin
What does the thyroid gland do?
Produces thyroid hormones which regulate growth, development and metabolism
What are C cells in the thyroid gland?
C cells secrete a protein hormone called calcitonin which involved in calcium metabolism
What does the parathyroid gland do?
Secretes a protein hormone called parathyroid hormone which has a role in calcium regulation
What does the pancreatic gland do?
Produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the intestines
Throughout are islands of endocrine tissues, known as islets of Langerhabs that secretes protein hormones, such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
What does the adrenal gland do?
In mammals, the adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct zones, which all produce a different type of steroid hormone, which controls different mechanisms
The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
What do the ovaries or testes do?
Produce gametes example. sperm or egg
Produces steroid hormones required for gamete development and development of secondary sex characteristics
These are regulated by trophic hormones known as gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary
What are the six other endocrine structure?
- The pineal gland- melatonin
- Placenta- progesterone and prostaglandin
- Kidneys- erythropoietin and renin
- Gastrointestinal tract- gastrin
- Heart- atrial natriuretic peptide
- Adipose tissue- Liptin
What are the four classes of hormone secreted by endocrine glands
- Protein/peptide hormones
- Steroid hormones
3.Monoamies - Lipid based hormones
Protein/peptide hormones examples
Stored and release as exocytosis
E.g. insulin, glucagon, neurohormones, trophic hormones, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and leptin
Steroid hormones examples
Precursor is cholesterol, bind to carrier proteins
Androgens (e.g.testosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g.cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), neurosteroids
