Homeostasis

Question 1

How do the following anticoagulants work?

• Na2-EDTA
• K2-EDTA
• NaK-EDTA

Answer 1

They irreversibly bind calcium ions in the sample.

Question 2

Which anticoagulants are used in haematology?

Answer 2

• Na2-EDTA
• K2-EDTA
• NaK-EDTA

Question 3

What blood sample is used in biochemical investigations?

Answer 3

Mostly serum, without anticoagulants.

Sometimes plasma, with anticoagulants. (Heparin)

Question 4

How does heparin work?

Answer 4

It enhances the binding of Antithrombin III which in turn blocks the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
(Anticoagulant)

Question 5

What are the side effects of heparin?

Answer 5

1) In fluid form it has a diluting effect and blocks ionised calcium over time.
2) The preferred lyophilised (freeze-dried), calcium-equilibrated heparin has a necrotising effect on white blood cells in vitro.

Question 6

Which anticoagulant is used for testing blood clotting parameters?

Answer 6

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

Question 7

How does Na2-citrate work?

Answer 7

It reversibly binds calcium ions in the sample.

Reagents for clotting tests contain calcium to start the clotting process

Question 8

Which anticoagulant is used for biochemical parameters?

Answer 8

Heparin

Question 9

What is the dosage of EDTA used?

Answer 9

1.5-2 mg EDTA + 1 mL full blood

Question 10

What is the dosage of fluid heparin?

Answer 10

1 droplet heparin + 5 mL blood

Question 11

What is the dosage of Na2-citrate for haemostasis evaluations?

Answer 11

Citrate:blood
1:9

Question 12

What is the dosage of Na2-citrate in RBC sedimentation test?

Answer 12

Citrate:blood
1:4

Question 13

Which anticoagulant is used for blood smears?

Answer 13

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

Question 14

Which anticoagulant is used in blood transfusion bags?

Answer 14

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

Question 15

Which anticoagulant is used for RBC sedimentation test?

Answer 15

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

Question 16

Name a clotting activator.

Answer 16

Si-oxide or Si-gel

Question 17

How is serum prepared?

Answer 17

A) Plain blood sampling tube.

B) Tube containing clotting activator.

Question 18

What is a side effect of EDTA?

Answer 18

If a sample is stored in EDTA for more than 12 hours, blood cells swell.

Question 19

What blood sample is used for haematology?

Answer 19

Anticoagulated plasma.

Na2-EDTA, K2-EDTA, NaK-EDTA

Question 20

What blood sample is used for blood clotting parameters?

Answer 20

Anticoagulated plasma.

Na2-citrate

Question 21

What is the total water content of the body?

Answer 21

600-650 mL/BWkg

Question 22

What is the water content of the EC space?

Answer 22

250-300 mL/BWkg

Question 23

What is the water content of the IC space?

Answer 23

350-400 mL/BWkg

Question 24

Physiological PCV

Answer 24

0.35-0.45 L/L

35-45%

Question 25

Physiological bilirubin level of horses.

Answer 25

45 umol/L

Question 26

Give the formula for osmolality

Answer 26

Osmolality (mOsm/kg) = 2(Na+K)+urea+glucose If all given in mmol/L

Question 27

Physiological osmolality.

Answer 27

270-310 mOsm/kg

Question 28

What is the osmolality gap and what is its physiological range?

Answer 28

The difference between the calculated and measured osmolality. +/- 10 >15 is pathological

Question 29

Hyperosmolality. Meaning and phys range.

Answer 29

The EC compartment became more concentrated. >310 mOsm/kg

Question 30

Hypoosmolality. Meaning and range.

Answer 30

The EC compartment became more diluted. <270 mOsm/kg

Question 31

Sample type for electrolyte concentration.

Answer 31

Heparinised full blood

Question 32

Which anticoagulant is used for calcium concentration, and which cannot be used?

Answer 32

Used: calcium-ion equilibrated Na- or Li-heparinate. Not used: - Na2-/K2-EDTA. (Increases Na and K, and decreases Ca to 0) - Ca-heparin. (Increases Ca) - Non-electrolyte equilibrated Na- or Li-heparinate. (Decreases Ca)

Question 33

Sodium (Na+) reference range.

Answer 33

140-150(-160) mmol/L

Question 34

Potassium (K+) reference range.

Answer 34

3.5-5.5 mmol/L

Question 35

Chloride (Cl-) reference range.

Answer 35

100-125 mmol/L

Question 36

Calcium distribution

Answer 36

Albumin-bound: 47% Free ionised: 40% Organic-acid bound: 13%

Question 37

Total calcium (tCa) reference range in mammals.

Answer 37

2.1-3.0 mmol/L | 45-50% = ionised Ca

Question 38

Total calcium (tCa) reference range in laying hens

Answer 38

Appr. 5.8 mmol/L

Question 39

Magnesium (Mg2+) reference range

Answer 39

0.8-1.5 mmol/L

Question 40

Sample magnesium concentration

Answer 40

tMg: serum or heparinised plasma | Mg2+: heparinised plasma

Question 41

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reference range in dog and horse.

Answer 41

0.8-1.8 mmol/L

Question 42

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reference range in cat, cattle and sheep.

Answer 42

1-2.4 mmol/L

Question 43

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reference range in swine and goat.

Answer 43

1-3 mmol/L

Question 44

Sample for inorganic phosphate

Answer 44

Serum or heparinised plasma

Question 45

Sample for ionograms.

Answer 45

Serum or heparinised plasma.

Question 46

Sample for total calcium measurement.

Answer 46

Serum (preferred) or heparinised plasma.

Question 47

Sample for ionised calcium measurement.

Answer 47

Heparinised plasma

Question 48

Sample for total magnesium measurement.

Answer 48

Serum or heparinised plasma

Question 49

Sample for ionised magnesium measurement.

Answer 49

Heparinised plasma