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Lab D > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

How do the following anticoagulants work?

  • Na2-EDTA
  • K2-EDTA
  • NaK-EDTA
A

They irreversibly bind calcium ions in the sample.

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2
Q

Which anticoagulants are used in haematology?

A
  • Na2-EDTA
  • K2-EDTA
  • NaK-EDTA
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3
Q

What blood sample is used in biochemical investigations?

A

Mostly serum, without anticoagulants.

Sometimes plasma, with anticoagulants. (Heparin)

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4
Q

How does heparin work?

A

It enhances the binding of Antithrombin III which in turn blocks the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
(Anticoagulant)

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5
Q

What are the side effects of heparin?

A

1) In fluid form it has a diluting effect and blocks ionised calcium over time.
2) The preferred lyophilised (freeze-dried), calcium-equilibrated heparin has a necrotising effect on white blood cells in vitro.

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6
Q

Which anticoagulant is used for testing blood clotting parameters?

A

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

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7
Q

How does Na2-citrate work?

A

It reversibly binds calcium ions in the sample.

Reagents for clotting tests contain calcium to start the clotting process

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8
Q

Which anticoagulant is used for biochemical parameters?

A

Heparin

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9
Q

What is the dosage of EDTA used?

A

1.5-2 mg EDTA + 1 mL full blood

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10
Q

What is the dosage of fluid heparin?

A

1 droplet heparin + 5 mL blood

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11
Q

What is the dosage of Na2-citrate for haemostasis evaluations?

A

Citrate:blood
1:9

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12
Q

What is the dosage of Na2-citrate in RBC sedimentation test?

A

Citrate:blood
1:4

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13
Q

Which anticoagulant is used for blood smears?

A

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

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14
Q

Which anticoagulant is used in blood transfusion bags?

A

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

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15
Q

Which anticoagulant is used for RBC sedimentation test?

A

Na2-citrate (3.8%)

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16
Q

Name a clotting activator.

A

Si-oxide or Si-gel

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17
Q

How is serum prepared?

A

A) Plain blood sampling tube.

B) Tube containing clotting activator.

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18
Q

What is a side effect of EDTA?

A

If a sample is stored in EDTA for more than 12 hours, blood cells swell.

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19
Q

What blood sample is used for haematology?

A

Anticoagulated plasma.

Na2-EDTA, K2-EDTA, NaK-EDTA

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20
Q

What blood sample is used for blood clotting parameters?

A

Anticoagulated plasma.

Na2-citrate

21
Q

What is the total water content of the body?

A

600-650 mL/BWkg

22
Q

What is the water content of the EC space?

A

250-300 mL/BWkg

23
Q

What is the water content of the IC space?

A

350-400 mL/BWkg

24
Q

Physiological PCV

A

0.35-0.45 L/L

35-45%

25
Q

Physiological bilirubin level of horses.

A

45 umol/L

26
Q

Give the formula for osmolality

A

Osmolality (mOsm/kg) = 2(Na+K)+urea+glucose

If all given in mmol/L

27
Q

Physiological osmolality.

A

270-310 mOsm/kg

28
Q

What is the osmolality gap and what is its physiological range?

A

The difference between the calculated and measured osmolality.

+/- 10
>15 is pathological

29
Q

Hyperosmolality. Meaning and phys range.

A

The EC compartment became more concentrated.

> 310 mOsm/kg

30
Q

Hypoosmolality. Meaning and range.

A

The EC compartment became more diluted.

<270 mOsm/kg

31
Q

Sample type for electrolyte concentration.

A

Heparinised full blood

32
Q

Which anticoagulant is used for calcium concentration, and which cannot be used?

A

Used: calcium-ion equilibrated Na- or Li-heparinate.

Not used:

  • Na2-/K2-EDTA. (Increases Na and K, and decreases Ca to 0)
  • Ca-heparin. (Increases Ca)
  • Non-electrolyte equilibrated Na- or Li-heparinate. (Decreases Ca)
33
Q

Sodium (Na+) reference range.

A

140-150(-160) mmol/L

34
Q

Potassium (K+) reference range.

A

3.5-5.5 mmol/L

35
Q

Chloride (Cl-) reference range.

A

100-125 mmol/L

36
Q

Calcium distribution

A

Albumin-bound: 47%
Free ionised: 40%
Organic-acid bound: 13%

37
Q

Total calcium (tCa) reference range in mammals.

A

2.1-3.0 mmol/L

45-50% = ionised Ca

38
Q

Total calcium (tCa) reference range in laying hens

A

Appr. 5.8 mmol/L

39
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+) reference range

A

0.8-1.5 mmol/L

40
Q

Sample magnesium concentration

A

tMg: serum or heparinised plasma

Mg2+: heparinised plasma

41
Q

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reference range in dog and horse.

A

0.8-1.8 mmol/L

42
Q

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reference range in cat, cattle and sheep.

A

1-2.4 mmol/L

43
Q

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reference range in swine and goat.

A

1-3 mmol/L

44
Q

Sample for inorganic phosphate

A

Serum or heparinised plasma

45
Q

Sample for ionograms.

A

Serum or heparinised plasma.

46
Q

Sample for total calcium measurement.

A

Serum (preferred) or heparinised plasma.

47
Q

Sample for ionised calcium measurement.

A

Heparinised plasma

48
Q

Sample for total magnesium measurement.

A

Serum or heparinised plasma

49
Q

Sample for ionised magnesium measurement.

A

Heparinised plasma

Lab D (6 decks)

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