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Body Logistics > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for body temperature?

A

36.1-37.2 C

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2
Q

How can body temperature be measured?

A
  • Rectal (gold standard)
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Axilla
  • Oral
  • Core sensors
  • Skin patches
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3
Q

What is the definition of core temperature?

A

The temperature of structures deep within the body as opposed to peripheral temperatures such as that of the skin.

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4
Q

What temperature is considered hypothermia?

A

35 degrees Celsius

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5
Q

What temperature is considered pyrexia?

A

Over 38 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

How does the body generate heat?

A

ATP -> ADP and phosphate (exothermic reaction - oxidative phosphorylation)

  • shivering
  • non-shivering thermogenesis (brown adipose tissue)
  • erector pill muscles contracting
  • vasoconstriction
  • hormonal thermogenesis from adrenaline and thyroxine
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7
Q

How does the body lose heat?

A
  • sweating
  • vasodilation
  • erector pill relaxation
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8
Q

What are the regulatory mechanisms for controlling temperature?

A
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9
Q

What are the consequences of abnormal hypothermia?

A
  • Sluggish thinking
  • Reduced blood flow to tissues
  • Confusion
  • Increased urine production
  • Hepatic dysfunction
  • Paradoxical undressing
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10
Q

What are the consequences of abnormal hyperthermia?

A
  • Sweating
  • Rapid breathing
  • Tachycardia
  • Vasodilation
  • Vomiting
  • Headache
  • Low BP
  • Dizziness
  • Syncope
  • Oliguria
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11
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of hypothermia?

A
  • Cardiac arrest survivors
  • Head injuries
  • Surgeries
  • Encephalopathy
  • Cardiopulmonary bypass
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12
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of hyperthermia?

A

Cancer treatment alongside chemotherapy and radiation

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13
Q

What are the health benefits of sleeping in a cooler bedroom?

A
  • Deepened sleep faster
  • Increased amount of brown fat
  • Dispose of excess blood sugar - protects against diabetes
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14
Q

Why are testicles 2 degrees less than body temperature?

A

Sperm denatures quicker sperm would mutate more.

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15
Q

How does infection cause pyrexia?

A

Pyrogens. Can be either exogenous (microbial origin) or endogenous.

Exogenous

  • LPS of gram negative bacteria

Endogenous

  • released by activated macrophages
  • IL-1, IL-6, TNF, interferon-alpha, gp130
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16
Q

What is a rigor?

A

An abrupt attack of shivering and a sensation of coldness, accompanied by a rapid rise in temperature. Marks the onset of a fever.

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17
Q

What causes a rigor?

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Viral infection
  • Childhood viruses
    • measles, mumps, chickenpox, rotavirus
  • Widespread skin infection
  • Appendicitis
  • Malaria
  • Endocarditis
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18
Q

What is a febrile seizure?

A

Convulsion associated with high temperatures, normally in children. May not have underlying health problems.

19
Q

How does the elderly brain often respond to pyrexia?

A
  • Hypothalamus is less effective at responding to pyrogens
  • Fever is absent in 20-30% of patients with an infection
  • More prone to psychosis and brain damage
20
Q

Why are ova bigger than spermatozoa?

A
  • contains more genetic information
  • rarer
  • contains nutrients required for development
21
Q

Where does iodine in our diet come from?

A

Fish and dairy products

22
Q

Why might organic milk be a bad idea during pregnancy?

A

Iodine is important before, during and after pregnancy. More thyroid hormones need to be made during pregnancy to help foetal brain development.

Organic milk contains 35-40% less iodine than non organic milk.

23
Q

What is a goitre?

A

Swelling of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland.

24
Q

What is the most common cause of a goitre globally?

A

Iodine deficiency

25
Q

Which parts of the country have a high prevalence of goitres?

A

Countries that don’t used iodised salt (Australia and NZ)

26
Q

What is Derbyshire Neck?

A

Goitre in people who resided in the English Midlands. Caused by lack of iodine in the soil.

27
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number or proportion of people who have a disease at a given point in time.

number of people with disease / total population = prevalence

28
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases of disease within a given timeframe.

number of new cases / patient time at risk = incidence rate

29
Q

Why aren’t monoclonal antibodies rejected by humans?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are usually ‘humanized’ to be administered to humans. The protein sequences are altered to be homogenous with human antibodies so they do not cause an immunogenic response.

30
Q

What do patients dislike about MRI scanning?

A
  • Claustrophobic
  • Long time
  • Stay still
  • Delay in results
31
Q

What needs to be maintained constant in the internal environment?

A
  • Concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt and other electrolytes
  • Concentration of nutrients, waste products
  • pH of the internal environment
  • Temperature of the internal environment
  • Volume of pressure of body fluids compartments
32
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The physiological process by which the internal systems of the body are maintained at equilibrium, despite variations in the external conditions.

Homeo; same, stasis; state

33
Q

What is a positive feedback loopback?

A

Output enhances the original stimulus.

34
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Output reduces the original effect of the stimulus.

35
Q

How is the human body powered?

A

Single cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy to produce an action potential. The body coordinates this to produce an action; muscle contraction, nerve impulses, action potential.

36
Q

What are the single cell types of the body?

A
  • Blood
  • Spermatozoa
  • Oocytes
37
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of cells specialised to perform a particular function. The cells may be the same type (nervous tissue) or of different types (connective tissue).

38
Q

What is an organ?

A

A part of the body, composed of more than one tissue, that forms a structural unit responsible for a particular function.

39
Q

What are the different body systems?

A
  • Nervous
  • Respiratory
  • Cardiovascular
  • Digestive
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Reproductive
  • Urinary
  • Integumentory
  • Endocrine
40
Q

How do the body systems communicate with each other?

A

Nervous and endocrine system

41
Q

What are the major endocrine organs?

A
  • Pineal gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
    • dorsal aspect of thyroid gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Testis
42
Q

How is the nervous system broken down?

A
  • CNS
    • spinal cord
    • brain
  • PNS
    • sensory
    • motor
      • somatic
      • autonomic nervous system
        • sympathetic - fight or flight
        • parasympathetic - rest and digest
43
Q
A

Body Logistics (3 decks)

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