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Physiology PHM > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for vasopressin is …

A

Antideuretic Hormone (ADH)

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of vasopressin receptors?

A

V1A, V1B, V2

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3
Q

At which osmolality is vasopressin secretion inhibited?

A

285mOsm/kg

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4
Q

What’s the difference in signalling between V1A and V1B receptors and V2 receptors?

A

V1A and V1B use hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol to increase Calcium levels
V2 receptors use G proteins to increase cAMP levels

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5
Q

State the different roles of V1A, V1B and V2 receptors in the mechanism of vasopressin.

A

V1A - cause vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure
V1B - found in anterior pituitary gland, stimulate release of adrenocorticoprotic hormone (ACTH)
V2 - initiate release of aquaporin 2 water channels into cell membrane to make it more permeable to water

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6
Q

Where is vasopressin stored?

A

posterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

Which factors influence vasopressin secretion?

A
  • Tonicity of plasma (higher tonicity increases ADH secretion)
  • ECF Volume (lower ECF increases ADH secretion)
  • Stress (increase ADH)
  • Pain (increase ADH)
  • Nausea and Vomitting (increase ADH)
  • Standing (increase ADH)
  • Alcohol (decreases ADH)
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8
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment within a narrow range

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9
Q

How is homeostasis different from homeodynamics?

A

In homeodynamics, as the body changes, the integration center sets new set points (‘normals’). Homeostasis assumes the body remains constant.

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10
Q

What is the integrating center?

A

evaluates sensory information and initiates a response designed to bring the deviation back to the set point

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11
Q

Which organelle is involved in Tay-Sach’s disease?

A

Lysosomes

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12
Q

In Tay-Sach’s disease why do gangliocides accumulate around axons and what are the consequences?

A

Because lysosomes have enzymes that break down lipids (lipases). The consequences include blindness, deafness, paralysis, and seizures.

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13
Q

Damage to which organelle is responsible for Achondrogenesis Type 1A?

A

The Golgi Apparatus

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14
Q

What happens in Achondrogenesis so that patients have small limbs and poorly formed spine?

A

The golgi apparatus is not packaging or transporting cell ‘secretions’ so body’s needs not adequately met.

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15
Q

Define osmosis

A

The net movement of water from areas of low to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

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16
Q

How do V1B receptors affect secretion of vasopressin?

A

V1B receptors stimulate release of adrenocorticotropic hormone which then causes increase in secretion of cortisol. Cortisol acts as a dieuretic by making kidneys to absorb sodium. When excess sodium is absorbed, then vasopressin secretion increases.

17
Q

What’s another name for V1B receptors?

A

V3 receptors

18
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

A
  1. Excess loss of Na+ without replacement (ex: diarrhea, sweating, vomitting) of Na+ but taking alot of water
  2. Addison’s disease in which aldosterone and cortisol decrease and kidneys unable to conserve Na+
  3. Excess secretion of antideuretic hormone (vasopressin) causes kidneys to absorb too much water
19
Q

How are fluid balances assessed?

A

Via blood tests (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen), observation (ex: dry lips), and by taking vital signs.

20
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Serum sodium levels of less than 135mEq/L

21
Q

What is the half-life of vasopressin?

A

18 mins

22
Q

Which heart chamber is affected in left-sided heart failure?

A

The left ventricle.

23
Q

How does left-sided heart failure lead to edema?

A

Blood is not being pumped to the rest of the body because the left ventricle is not working (so the cells are lacking nutrients which can cause Na/K pumps to malfunction leading to intracellular edema), and blood backs into the lungs leading to fluid buildup and shortness of breath.

24
Q

Which heart chamber malfunctions in right-sided heart failure?

A

The right ventricle.

25
Q

How does the right ventricle direct blood?

A

Directs deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

26
Q

How does right-sided hear failure lead to edema?

A

Blood backs into the veins, increasing capillary pressure and leading to extracellular edema.

27
Q

At which Na+ level is acute hyponatremia reached?

A

Na+ < 120 mEq/L

28
Q

What is the maximum rate you can administer hypertonic fluids to an acute hyponatremic patient? Why?

A

no more than 10-12 mEq/L per day

Because it interferes with the brain’s ability to hold in solutes and can lead to permanent brain damage or death.

29
Q

In which scenario should you think twice before administering hypertonic fluids to hypotonic patients?

A
  1. If they have increased risk of rising intracranial pressure.
  2. If they are hypovolemic (excess blood loss/from extracellular fluid compartment).
30
Q

A 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s solution is…

A

Hypertonic

31
Q

Why must patients given hypertonic solutions be very closely monitored?

A

Because it can easily cause pulmonary edema.

32
Q

What is the homeostatic role of the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance

33
Q

What is the relationship between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone?

A

Renin released by kidneys stimulates synthesis of angiotensin in blood and body tissues. Angiotensin then stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex.

34
Q

Aldosterone is released by…

A

the adrenal cortex

35
Q

State 3 factors affecting the release of renin.

A
  1. sympathetic innervation (via Beta1-adrenoreceptors)
  2. Hypotension in renal arteries
  3. Low sodium levels in distal convoluted tubules
36
Q

Where are the Beta1-adrenoreceptors located in the kidney? What is the their function?

A

In the Juxtoglomerular cells. They respond upon stimulation by causing release of renin.

Physiology PHM (19 decks)

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