Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PA10309 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the reasons for a Fever/Pyrexia

A

This occurs due to a release of endogenous pyrogens (EPs = cytokines) that are released into the circulation –> causing thermoregulatory responses

This releases heat production, whilst reducing heat loss –> causing the core temperature to rise

This higher body temperature then stabilises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

A swollen/inflammed synovial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What effect does an increase in wind have?

A

Increases heat output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define what is meant by the ‘Musculoskeletal System’

A

The skeleton, muscles and accessory tissues which together allow locomotion and articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the regulation of 1,25(OH)2 D3 production

A

The skin converts Vitamin D3 into 25(OH)D3, which is then converted to 1,25(OH)2 D3 due to the secretion of PTH

The formation of this molecule causes an increase in Ca2+ and a reduction in PO4^3- –> which inhibits PTH secretion and the conversion of the first step

The amount of inactivation (first molecule to 24,25(OH)2 D3) also effects the amount of 1,25(OH)2 D3 that is in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the recommended physical activity level per week?

A

150mins of moderate activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how Endochondral Ossification occur?

A

Hylaine cartilage is formed, creating a matrix for real bone to replace later on

Once the bone is formed there is some cartliage left in the Epiphyseal Plate –> which is used for further growth in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Healthy Nutrition and Malnutrition

A

Healthy Nutrition - A balanced diet that contains adequate amounts of nutrients in relation to bodily requirements

Malnutrition - Any physical condition resulting either from an inappropriate or inadequate diet that either provides too much or too little of a necessary nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of vitamins in the body?

A

Water soluble = not stored

Fat soluble = stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the main points of a synovial joint

A

Hylaine Cartilage covers the end of the bones

A fibrous layer that attatches to the periosteum

An inner synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 types of bone?

A

Long/trabecular

Flat

Short

Irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain how intramembranous Ossification

A

The bone is formed directly from inside of the condensation

No cartilage is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Calcitonin?

A

A single chain polypeptide

It is secreted more when there is high [Ca2+]

Its effect is to reduce body Ca2+ levels –> so it has the opposite effects to PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe 1,25 (OH)2 D3

A

It is an active metabolite of Vitmain D3

Its a secosteroid (due to its open B ring)

Its a very lipohillic molecule so it needs to be carried by transcalciferin (a vitamin D binding protein) –> only the unbound molecule is active

The molecule acts on osteocytes/blasts, as well as nuclear receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three different types of cartilage?

A

Hylaine - Found in growth plates, joint surfaces and the temporary bone scaffold

Fibrocartilage - Found in the menisci and intervertabral discs –> There is NO fibrous perichondrium

Elastic - Present in the inner ear, epiglottis and larnyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia?

A

Hypercalcemia - When there is too much PTH –> so too much Ca2+ is formed

Hypocalcemia - When there is PTH resistance, or a lack of Vitmain D intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is body temperature normally warmer or cooler than the outside temperature?

A

Warmer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Long bones are made up of many units that work together, so they are refered to as….

A

A modular tissue

19
Q

List why fats are important in the diet

A

They are a good source of essential fatty acids (alpha linoleic acid and linoleic acid)

They acts as carriers for fat soluble vitamins

They are used for membrane synthesis, as well as glycolipids and steroid hormones

20
Q

Explain how post-natal bone growth occurs

A

Chondroblasts in the Epiphyseal Plate quickly divide, lengthening the bone

Old chondrocytes then enlarge, triggering the calcification of the matrix

The matrix becomes calcified, whilst the chondrocytes die

Osteoclasts then digest the cartilage, whilst osteoblasts replace it with actual bone

21
Q

How does the body cope when above/over 37 degrees

A

Above - Sweating, vasodialation and shievering in order to get blood into the periphery

Below - Vasoconstriction and horripilation

22
Q

Define BMR - TEE - PAL - EAR

A

Basal Metabolic Rate - The mimimum amount of energy required to maintain vital functions

Total Energy Expenditure - The combination of BMR + energy needed to process food + physical activity

Physical Activity Level - A 24hr index of energy expenditure due to physical activity

Estimated Average Requirement - BMR x PAL

23
Q

Explain the differences between an Osteoblast - Osteocyte - Osteoclast

A

Osteoblast - A cell that forms the bone matrix by several working together

Osteocyte - A cell that maintains the bone tissue, and is formed by several osteoblasts becoming imbedded into the membrane

Osteoclast - A multinucleated cell that breaks down and absorbs old bone during growth

24
Q

How much calcium is the ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed?

A

Almost all of it

25
Q

“Humans are homeothermic” means what?

A

They are warm-blooded

26
Q

Where is the biggest store of calcium in the body?

A

The bone

27
Q

What is PTH?

What does it do?

Where is it produced/released?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

It is a single chain polypeptide that srimulates both osteoblasts and osteocytes (and osteoclasts indirectly) –> its also got a short half-life, so its effects are only for a small period of time

  • The purpose of this is to increase plasma Ca2+ levels

Its produced in the chief cells of the parathyroid gland

The less ionized calcium that is present –> the more PTH is secreted

28
Q

Explain the importance of the hypothalamus in terms of thermoregulation

A

The hypothalamus takes in all the information from thermoreceptors in the periphery and the core and compares it to the set point of 37oC

Above 37 - Detected in the anterior hypothalamus

Below 37 - Detected in the posteriour hypothalamus

29
Q

Why are many dietary carbohydrates a good source of fibre?

And why are they useful?

A

Many polysaccharides are plant based, and so they can’t be broken down

These can then add bulk to the GI tract

They’re also useful for the production of short chain fatty acids

30
Q

What is the RNI for protein per day?

A

0.75g/Kg

31
Q

What is embryonic mesenchyme?

A

An early bone cell that is undifferentaited, which aggregate to form a condensation

32
Q

What are the three layers that make up a bone?

A

Compact = Exterior

Trabecular = Interior

The bone is then incased in a fibrous periosteum

33
Q

What is the Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)

A

The range of ambient temperatures over which the heat produced from basal metabolism is sufficient to maintain the bodies core temperature

Above the temperature there is a net gain of heat –> where as below there is a net loss of heat

34
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A

Support

Protection

Lipid storage

Formation of RBC’s from red marrow (in young bones)

Endocrine function for carbohydrate metabolism

35
Q

What deficiencies can cause Anaemia?

A

Iron

Vitamin B12

36
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B’s and C

37
Q

What type of calcium is physiologically active?

A

Ionized and Unbound

38
Q

In what type of bones is cartilage used to form a temporary scaffold?

A

Long bones

39
Q

What are the two subsections of the skeleton?

A

Axial - Bones of the skull, vertebral column and ribs (80)

Appendicular - Bones of the limbs , pelvis, scapular and clavicle (126)

40
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A

Planar - Hinge - Pivot - Condyloid - Saddle - Ball and Socket

41
Q

Who, on average, have a greater bone mass… men or women?

A

Men

42
Q

Why does temperature change during pregnancy?

A

The basal tempreture is raised due to the effects of progesterone

43
Q

How does Bone Regeneration occur?

A

A hematoma is produced from the produced blood

A callus is formed between the ends of the bones

Spongy bone replaces the calluses (ossification)

Pure bone replaces the spongy bone

PA10309 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions