Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Body Logistics > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Give three examples of exocrine glands

A

Sweat glands
Salivary glands
Mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Under our control - voluntary muscle.

Receives sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetyl Choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary - self regulating

Influences the function of internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give some examples of things the autonomic nervous system effects

A

Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Digestion
Pupil dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sympathetic response?

A

Fight or flight

Neurotransmitter - noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the parasympathetic response?

A

Rest and digest

Neurotransmitter - acetyl Choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is normal body temperature?

A

36.5-37.5 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can core temperature be measured?

A 
Oral cavity
Rectum
Axilla 
Temporal artery
External auditory canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What temperature is considered hyperthermia?

A

Less than 35 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are B cells made and where do they mature?

A

Made in the bone marrow

Mature in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions of B cells?

A

Produce specific antibodies
Act as antigen presenting cells (APC)
Secrete cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are T cells made and where do they mature?

A

Made in the bone marrow

Mature in the thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are functions of antibodies? (3)

A

Complement activation
Opsonisation
Blocking receptors
Preventing growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What three ways can cells be attached in the lateral domain?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a tight junction? And where are they found?

A

Fused plasmalemma of 2 cells - forms a seal

Seen in cells lining the intestine

18
Q

What are desmosomes and where are they found?

A

Seen next to tight junctions - formed of protein - provides resistance to stretching and twisting
Found between epithelial cells that need to withstand physical stress e.g. Skin

19
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Connexons form channels that allow small ions/molecules to move back and forth through cells - communication

20
Q

What is the basal domain?

A

Anchorage for cells onto a basement membrane.

Acts as a structural site for overlaying calls and underlying connective tissue

21
Q

How to cells attach to the basement membrane?

A
  • hemidesmosomes - found on tissue subject to abrasion - skin/oral cavity
  • focal adhesions - anchor intracellular actin filaments to basement membrane - predominant role in cell movement
22
Q

What is an intigrin?

A

Transmembrane proteins that attach the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (mechanical).
And have a role in signal transduction between the ECM and the cell

23
Q

What is autocrine communication?

A

Cell communication with itself - positive feedback

24
Q

What is paracrine communication?

A

Communication with adjacent cells - regulator diffuses to nearby cells

25
Q

What is Neurocrine communication?

A

Nerve cells secrete into the bloodstream to target cells - e.g. Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla

26
Q

What are the two ways cells can die?

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

27
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Following physical disruption of the cell through injury/toxins/deprivation the cell loses functional control. Osmotic pressure causes swelling or organelles, chromatin clumps and the cell bursts.

The cytotoxic cellular components induce tissue damage and inflammation.

28
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death - catabolic processes begin throughout cell, enzymes digest cytosolic components and fragment DNA. Cell is repackaged for safe removal. Chromatin condenses, cell shrinks and fragments into small membrane bound apoptosis bodies which are phagocytosed.

29
Q

How did the mitochondria become an organelle?

A

An early anaerobic eukaryote engulfed and aerobic bacterium - live in endosymbiosis

30
Q

What are the four types of tissue

A

Muscle
Nerve
Connective
Epithelial

31
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Cells that cover the exterior body surface, line internal closed cavities and body tubes fear communicate with the exterior. Also form secretory portion of glands and line their ducts.

32
Q

What are epithelioids? And give some examples?

A

Cells without a surface

Islets of langerhans
Leydig cells in the testes
Parenchyma cells of adrenal gland

33
Q

Why do necrotic cells swell and burst?

A

Failure of the Na/K ATPase

34
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Concentration of solutes/proteins in solution

35
Q

More proteins/solutes = ______ osmolality

A

High

36
Q

What is normal plasma osmolality?

A

285-295 mOsmol/kg

37
Q

What is the result of lowering intracellular K?

A

Means lower resting membrane potential therefore cell is less excitable (needs larger stimulus for activation)

38
Q

What are the main causes of an abnormal plasma pH?

A

Major organ dysfunction - especially lungs, kidneys, liver

Poor tissue perfusion - shock

39
Q

Define shock

A

A state of global cellular and tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery (commonly due to hypoperfusion)

40
Q

How does shock lower plasma pH?

A

When tissue poorly perfused, anaerobic glycolysis leads to lactic acid production and lactic acidosis which lowers ph

41
Q

What are starling forces?

A

Govern whether fluid moves into capillaries (absorption) or out of capillaries (filtration)

Body Logistics (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions