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Body Logistics > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three features of cartilage

A

Avascular tissue
Have extensive extracellular matrix
Contain chondrocytes - produce and maintain extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline (most common)
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

What are the features of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes
Hyaluronic acid
Type 2 collagen

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4
Q

Hyaline cartilage is a precursor for bone formation by _______________________

A

Endochondrial ossification - of long bones

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5
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articulating surfaces - ear, nose, joints, rib cage (costal), trachea, bronchi
Also foetus
And epiphyseal growth plate of long bones until growth ceases

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6
Q

What is appositional growth of cartilage?

A

Cartilage grows in thickness from the periphery due to addition of more extracellular matrix by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium

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7
Q

What is interstitial growth of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes deeper in cartilage continuously divide causing deposition of further matrix which results in growth in length

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8
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

Small space surrounding a chondrocyte

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9
Q

What is present at the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Contains hyaline cartilage
No perichondrium
Between epiphysis (spongy bone) and metaphysis

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10
Q

What are the features of elastic cartilage?

A

Like hyaline cartilage but with (many) elastic fibres

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11
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube

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12
Q

What are the features of fibrocartilage?

A

Contains chondrocytes and fibroblasts
Combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
Abundant in type 1 collagen fibres

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13
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Present between tendon and bone - enthesis
Intervertebral discs
Articular discs of sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
Pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint

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14
Q

What is the function of an osteoblasts?

A

Form new bone by laying down extracellular matrix containing type 1 collagen

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15
Q

What bones develop from intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones - skull, pelvis, clavicle

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16
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Large, multinuclear cell involved in remodelling/reabsorbing bone

17
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

“Spongy” - forms a network of fine bony plates to combine strength and lightness. Spaces are filled with bone marrow.

18
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Cortical - external surface if bone - makes up ~ 80% skeletal mass

19
Q

What is a haversians canal?

A

Carries blood and lymph vessels and nerves. Lie vertical through osteons - concentric lamellae around it

20
Q

What is a volkmanns canal?

A

Horizontal - lie through concentric lamellae

Carry blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

21
Q

What’s the difference in arrangement of osteocytes in immature and mature bone?

A

Immature - randomly arranged osteocytes

Mature - osteocytes arranges in the concentric lamellae of osteons

22
Q

Which direction do reabsorption canals run?

A

Parallel with osteons long axis in mature bone

23
Q

What’s the structure of trabeculae?

A

Similar to that of compact bone - no osteocytes lying between lamellae, numerous osteocytes embedded in irregular lamellae. No haversians and volkmanns canals. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts on surface for remodelling.

24
Q

What cells lie in cavities between interconnecting trabeculae of cancellous bone?

A

Adipose and haemopoietic cells

25
Q

What are the four stages of fracture repair?

A

Haematoma formation
Soft callus (fibrocartilagenous callus)
Bony callus
Bone remodelling

26
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Metabolic bone disease - decreased mass of bone - no longer provides mechanical support, increased susceptibility to fracture

Reflects enhanced bone reabsorption relative to formation.

27
Q

What are some of the factors associated with osteoporosis?

A

Bone mass peaks aged 25-35 starts to decline in 50s/60s.

Postmenopausal woman - increased osteoclasts number due to oestrogen withdrawal

28
Q

Name 5 osteoporosis risk factors

A

Genetic - peak bone mass higher in black people
Insufficient calcium uptake
Insufficient calcium and vit D absorption
Immobilisation of bone - accelerated bone loss
Cigarette smoking

Body Logistics (11 decks)

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