Homeostasis

Question 1

Parts of the feed back loop

Answer 1

1. Sensor
2. Integrator
3. Affector

Question 2

In addition to water, what is lost when blood is lost?

Answer 2

Na+

Question 3

In addition to water, what is lost with vomit?

Answer 3

H+

Question 4

In addition to water, what is lost in diarrhea?

Answer 4

HCO3-

Question 5

What are the 3. Things proper physiological function requires?

Answer 5

Isolation
Communication
Transport

Question 6

What are the regulated variables of homeostasis?

Answer 6

Temperature
Blood Pressure
Volume
Ionic Composition

Question 7

What variables are regulated at the whole body level?

Answer 7

Mean arterial pressure
Blood volume
Body weight

Question 8

What variables are regulated at the interior milieu level?

Answer 8

Core body temperature
Plasma levels: O2, CO2, glucose
Plasma ion concentration: H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

Question 9

What variables are regulated at the cellular level?

Answer 9

Volume

Ion concentration: H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg+

Question 10

What will a deviation in a regulated variable of homeostasis cause?

Answer 10

A correcting response

Question 11

What is the difference between steady state and homeostasis?

Answer 11

Homeostasis requires ACTIVE regulation

Question 12

Sensorium

Answer 12

Sum of the body’s sensations and perception

Question 13

Transducer

Answer 13

Converts one form of energy to another

Question 14

Simple sensory receptor

Answer 14

Free nerve endings

Question 15

Complex sensory receptor

Answer 15

Encapsulated nerve ending

Question 16

Exteroceptors

Answer 16

Receives stimuli from the outside of the body

Question 17

Interoreceptors

Answer 17

Receives stimuli from the inside of the body

Question 18

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 18

Sensitive to stretch, pressure, vibration

Question 19

Thermoreceptors

Answer 19

Regulated skin and brain temp. Skin 20-40ºC, Brain 37º (±3º safety)

Question 20

Chemoreceptors

Answer 20

Chemical stimuli. Taste/smell. CO2/H+/O2

Question 21

Nociceptors

Answer 21

Associated with pain, respond to extreme pressure, temp, any potentially damaging stimuli

Question 22

What pathway takes sensory info to the integrator?

Answer 22

Afferent Pathway

Question 23

Error signal

Answer 23

The difference betweeen the actual value and the set point. The bigger the signal, the bigger the regulation. (Aka stress, perturbation, disturbance)

Question 24

What happens when an error signal is amplified?

Answer 24

Positive feedback

Question 25

What happens when the error signal signals a correcting defense?

Answer 25

Negative feedback

Question 26

Feed-forward control

Answer 26

A pre-determined response to an environmental signal that does not response to feedback loops

Question 27

What pathway signals the response to the stimuli?

Answer 27

Efferent pathway

Question 28

Effects of insulin

Answer 28

``` Decrease in BG Moves glucose intracellularly Stores glucose to make glycogen Burns glucose Stores fat (triglycerides) Makes proteins ```

Question 29

Effects of glucagon

Answer 29

``` Increases BG Increases glycogen breakdown Increase production of new glucose Protein breakdown in SK muscle Increase in lipolysis Increase in lipid oxidation ```

Question 30

Alpha-adrenergic stimulation

Answer 30

Inhibits insulin secretion

Question 31

Beta-adrenergic stimulation

Answer 31

Glycogen breakdown during exercise

Question 32

Parasympathetic-cholinergic stimulation

Answer 32

Augments insulin secretion

Question 33

Redundancy

Answer 33

Multiple systems mobilize to regulate a particular variable

Question 34

Modulated variable

Answer 34

Action of a system on the responses that oppose perturbation