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Medical Physiology > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relative equilibrium within a strict range of tolerance

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2
Q

Purposes of autonomic nervous system

A

Controls visceral function. Provides homeostasis. Coordinates responses to external stimuli

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3
Q

Cholingeric transmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Adrenergic transmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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5
Q

Enteric

A

GI tract system related to both divisions of ANS

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6
Q

Pre/post ganglions of Parasympathetic

A

Long Pregang. Short postgang.

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7
Q

4 regions of parasympathetic nerve origins

A

CN 3 (ciliary gang). CN7 (PP gang and SM gang). CN9 (otic gang/parotid salivary gland). Dorsal Motor Nucleus of CN10

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nerves originaeing in sacral spinal

A

S2, 3, 4

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9
Q

Signals from cells in hypothalamus/brainstem descend the spinal cord to cells of what?

A

The intermediolateral cell column

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10
Q

3 ways sympathetic Pregang fibers can go

A

Paravertebral projection (at the same level or up/down the chain). Prevertebral (Outside of the chain to synapse)

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11
Q

Where do all sympathetic preganglionic neurons all orginate?

A

T1-L2

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12
Q

Type of sympathetic pregang neuron fibers

A

Small, myelinated B fibers

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13
Q

3 types of sympathetic ganglia

A

Paravertebral ganglia. Prevertebral ganglia. Adrenal medullae.

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14
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

Withing the sympathetic chain. Include a pair of ganglia assoc w/ each thoracic segment plus superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglia

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15
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

Include celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric gangla

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16
Q

Adrenal Medullae

A

Pregang project into adrenal gland (synapse on chromaffin cells)

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17
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

In adrenal glands. Release epi and norepi into blood

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18
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglion neurons arise from?

A

Sympathetic ganglia

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19
Q

Most important integration organ of internal homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

Organ that controls emotional behavior and motivational drives

A

Hypothalamus

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus work with to function in survival of specis/individual?

A

limbic system

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22
Q

Satiety center

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus inhibits hunger via glucostat cells

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23
Q

Hunger center

A

lateral hypothalamus. Produces desire to eat

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24
Q

Peripheral inputs to hypothalamus

A

GI contractions/distension

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25
Central receptors for osmolarity
Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis and subfornical organ (no blood brain barrier)
26
Estrogen/androgen effect on hypothalamus
ventromedial nucleus (aggressive behavior in non-humans)
27
Portion of the brain that controls BP/circulation
hypothalamus
28
What area of the brain controls micturition?
pontine micturition center in pons
29
Final global integration of the circulation site
Medullary Cardiovascular Center
30
Vasomotor area of medulla
Rostal ventrolateral medulla. Controls vasocontriction
31
4 neurons that release ACh
All pregang in ANS. Somatic motor neurons to sk muscle. Parasym postgang. Symp postgang to sweat glands**
32
Neurons that release NE
Most postgang at neuroeffector junction. Adrenal medulla (with epi) into the blood stream
33
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Interneurons in ANS ganglia and postgang parasymp neurons in gut
34
NO and substance P
NANC that act as transmitters in the gut and elsewhere
35
Neuropeptide Y
Released by symp nerve endings (may function as co-transmitter)
36
Concept of co-localization and cotransmission
NANC substances that are released together and work together to create a single transmission response
37
Location and Receptor type of Nicotinic receptors
Cell bodies of all postgang neurons in symp and parasymp ganglia. Motor end plates of skeletal muscle. Cholinergic
38
Location and Receptor type of Muscarinic receptors
On effector organs(only visceral organs). Cholinergic
39
Location of alpha/beta adrenergic receptors
On effector organs. On postgang axon terminals
40
Stimulates nicotinic receptors
Nicotine
41
N receptors found at neuromuscular junction
Nm
42
N receptors found at autonomic gang and in adrenal medulla
Ng
43
Competes with ACh in Nm receptors
Curare
44
Competes with ACh in Ng receptors
Hexamethonium
45
Stimulates muscarinic receptors
Muscarine
46
Response of nicotinic receptors to nicotine
Pore forms acrosee the membrane when 5 subunit complex response to nicotine
47
How do muscarinic receptors operate?
Operate thru G-proteins and 2nd messengers
48
Blocks Muscarinic Receptors
Atropine
49
Location of M1 receptors
Some glands
50
Location of M2 receptors
Heart and smooth muscle
51
Location of M3 receptors
Smooth muscle and secretory glands
52
M receptors that activate PLC via Gq
M 1, 3, 5
53
M receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase via Gi
M 2, 4
54
How are adrenergic receptors sub-classes?
Selective Antagonists
55
Neurotransmitters that stimulate alpha receptors
Epi, NE, phenylephrine
56
Aphla receptor specific agonist
Phenylephrine
57
2 families of alpha receptors
Alpha 1 (postjunctional) and alpha2 (pre or post junctional)
58
Neurotransmitters that stimulate beta receptors
Isoproterenal (ISO), Epi, NE
59
Beta receptor specific agonist
Isoproterenal
60
Subclasses of Beta receptors
Beta 1 (heart and kidney), beta3 (fat cells), beta 2 (elsewhere)
61
What triggers the release of ACh?
Influx of Ca that noves the synaptic vesicles
62
Degredation of ACh
By acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate
63
Enzyme that catalyzes the productions of ACh
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
64
Nt released from adrenergic postgang neurons
NE
65
Major hormone of adrenal medulla
Epi
66
Released from the small, intensely fluorescent cells to produce IPSP in autonomic ganglia
Dopamine
67
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tyrosine into DOPA (cytoplasmic)
68
DOPA decarboxylase
DOPA into dopamine (cytoplasmic)
69
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Dopamine into norepi (inside granule)
70
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
NE into epi (in chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla)
71
Cytoplasmic pool of NE and epi
Regulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity. NE and EPI accumulation inhibites the enzyme
72
Adrenal medulla and storage of NE/Epi
Cortisol selectively stimulates epi synthesis by inducing the N-methyltransferase
73
What causes chromaffin cell N2 receptors to depolarize?
ACh released from pregang neurons
74
Function of Parasympathetic system
Anabolic. DEM BBLUES
75
Function of Sympathetic system
Catabolic. Oppose parasymp. Control vessels, sweat glands,
76
Alpha 1 receptor mediated responses
Excitatory responses of EPI, NE, PE. Mediated thru Gq, IP3 and DAG and Ca
77
Alpha 2 receptor mediated responses
Inhibitory responses of EPI, NE, PE. Inhibits adenylate cyclase (less cAMP production). Gi mediated.
78
Prejunctional alpha 2 receptor inhibition
Inhibts adrenergic and cholinergic postgang neurons to prevent further transmitter release
79
Where are postjunctional alpha 2 receptors primarily found?
CNS
80
Beta 1 receptor mediated response
Excitatory responses due to ISO, EPI, NE. Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on myocardium and renin release.
81
Beta 2 receptor mediated response
Inhibitory responses due to ISO, EPI, NE. includes relaxation of smooth muscle and maybe some metabolic responses. (increased Ca into SR and phosph of MLCK for smooth muscle relaxation)
82
Beta 3 receptor mediated response
Metabolic response due to ISO, Epi, NE is lipolysis
83
Stimulation of this receptor activates adenylate cyclase
Stimulation of beta receptors (Gs mediated)
84
Beta 1 effects in cardiac muscle
Makes more Ca available for contraction and cardiac acceleration

Medical Physiology (8 decks)

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