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Medical Physiology > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relative equilibrium within a strict range of tolerance

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2
Q

Purposes of autonomic nervous system

A

Controls visceral function. Provides homeostasis. Coordinates responses to external stimuli

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3
Q

Cholingeric transmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Adrenergic transmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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5
Q

Enteric

A

GI tract system related to both divisions of ANS

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6
Q

Pre/post ganglions of Parasympathetic

A

Long Pregang. Short postgang.

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7
Q

4 regions of parasympathetic nerve origins

A

CN 3 (ciliary gang). CN7 (PP gang and SM gang). CN9 (otic gang/parotid salivary gland). Dorsal Motor Nucleus of CN10

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8
Q

Parasympathetic nerves originaeing in sacral spinal

A

S2, 3, 4

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9
Q

Signals from cells in hypothalamus/brainstem descend the spinal cord to cells of what?

A

The intermediolateral cell column

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10
Q

3 ways sympathetic Pregang fibers can go

A

Paravertebral projection (at the same level or up/down the chain). Prevertebral (Outside of the chain to synapse)

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11
Q

Where do all sympathetic preganglionic neurons all orginate?

A

T1-L2

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12
Q

Type of sympathetic pregang neuron fibers

A

Small, myelinated B fibers

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13
Q

3 types of sympathetic ganglia

A

Paravertebral ganglia. Prevertebral ganglia. Adrenal medullae.

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14
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

Withing the sympathetic chain. Include a pair of ganglia assoc w/ each thoracic segment plus superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglia

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15
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

Include celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric gangla

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16
Q

Adrenal Medullae

A

Pregang project into adrenal gland (synapse on chromaffin cells)

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17
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

In adrenal glands. Release epi and norepi into blood

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18
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglion neurons arise from?

A

Sympathetic ganglia

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19
Q

Most important integration organ of internal homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

Organ that controls emotional behavior and motivational drives

A

Hypothalamus

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus work with to function in survival of specis/individual?

A

limbic system

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22
Q

Satiety center

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus inhibits hunger via glucostat cells

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23
Q

Hunger center

A

lateral hypothalamus. Produces desire to eat

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24
Q

Peripheral inputs to hypothalamus

A

GI contractions/distension

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25
Q

Central receptors for osmolarity

A

Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis and subfornical organ (no blood brain barrier)

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26
Q

Estrogen/androgen effect on hypothalamus

A

ventromedial nucleus (aggressive behavior in non-humans)

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27
Q

Portion of the brain that controls BP/circulation

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

What area of the brain controls micturition?

A

pontine micturition center in pons

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29
Q

Final global integration of the circulation site

A

Medullary Cardiovascular Center

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30
Q

Vasomotor area of medulla

A

Rostal ventrolateral medulla. Controls vasocontriction

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31
Q

4 neurons that release ACh

A

All pregang in ANS. Somatic motor neurons to sk muscle. Parasym postgang. Symp postgang to sweat glands**

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32
Q

Neurons that release NE

A

Most postgang at neuroeffector junction. Adrenal medulla (with epi) into the blood stream

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33
Q

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

A

Interneurons in ANS ganglia and postgang parasymp neurons in gut

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34
Q

NO and substance P

A

NANC that act as transmitters in the gut and elsewhere

35
Q

Neuropeptide Y

A

Released by symp nerve endings (may function as co-transmitter)

36
Q

Concept of co-localization and cotransmission

A

NANC substances that are released together and work together to create a single transmission response

37
Q

Location and Receptor type of Nicotinic receptors

A

Cell bodies of all postgang neurons in symp and parasymp ganglia. Motor end plates of skeletal muscle. Cholinergic

38
Q

Location and Receptor type of Muscarinic receptors

A

On effector organs(only visceral organs). Cholinergic

39
Q

Location of alpha/beta adrenergic receptors

A

On effector organs. On postgang axon terminals

40
Q

Stimulates nicotinic receptors

A

Nicotine

41
Q

N receptors found at neuromuscular junction

A

Nm

42
Q

N receptors found at autonomic gang and in adrenal medulla

A

Ng

43
Q

Competes with ACh in Nm receptors

A

Curare

44
Q

Competes with ACh in Ng receptors

A

Hexamethonium

45
Q

Stimulates muscarinic receptors

A

Muscarine

46
Q

Response of nicotinic receptors to nicotine

A

Pore forms acrosee the membrane when 5 subunit complex response to nicotine

47
Q

How do muscarinic receptors operate?

A

Operate thru G-proteins and 2nd messengers

48
Q

Blocks Muscarinic Receptors

A

Atropine

49
Q

Location of M1 receptors

A

Some glands

50
Q

Location of M2 receptors

A

Heart and smooth muscle

51
Q

Location of M3 receptors

A

Smooth muscle and secretory glands

52
Q

M receptors that activate PLC via Gq

A

M 1, 3, 5

53
Q

M receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase via Gi

A

M 2, 4

54
Q

How are adrenergic receptors sub-classes?

A

Selective Antagonists

55
Q

Neurotransmitters that stimulate alpha receptors

A

Epi, NE, phenylephrine

56
Q

Aphla receptor specific agonist

A

Phenylephrine

57
Q

2 families of alpha receptors

A

Alpha 1 (postjunctional) and alpha2 (pre or post junctional)

58
Q

Neurotransmitters that stimulate beta receptors

A

Isoproterenal (ISO), Epi, NE

59
Q

Beta receptor specific agonist

A

Isoproterenal

60
Q

Subclasses of Beta receptors

A

Beta 1 (heart and kidney), beta3 (fat cells), beta 2 (elsewhere)

61
Q

What triggers the release of ACh?

A

Influx of Ca that noves the synaptic vesicles

62
Q

Degredation of ACh

A

By acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate

63
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the productions of ACh

A

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

64
Q

Nt released from adrenergic postgang neurons

A

NE

65
Q

Major hormone of adrenal medulla

A

Epi

66
Q

Released from the small, intensely fluorescent cells to produce IPSP in autonomic ganglia

A

Dopamine

67
Q

Tyrosine hydroxylase

A

Tyrosine into DOPA (cytoplasmic)

68
Q

DOPA decarboxylase

A

DOPA into dopamine (cytoplasmic)

69
Q

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

A

Dopamine into norepi (inside granule)

70
Q

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

A

NE into epi (in chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla)

71
Q

Cytoplasmic pool of NE and epi

A

Regulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity. NE and EPI accumulation inhibites the enzyme

72
Q

Adrenal medulla and storage of NE/Epi

A

Cortisol selectively stimulates epi synthesis by inducing the N-methyltransferase

73
Q

What causes chromaffin cell N2 receptors to depolarize?

A

ACh released from pregang neurons

74
Q

Function of Parasympathetic system

A

Anabolic. DEM BBLUES

75
Q

Function of Sympathetic system

A

Catabolic. Oppose parasymp. Control vessels, sweat glands,

76
Q

Alpha 1 receptor mediated responses

A

Excitatory responses of EPI, NE, PE. Mediated thru Gq, IP3 and DAG and Ca

77
Q

Alpha 2 receptor mediated responses

A

Inhibitory responses of EPI, NE, PE. Inhibits adenylate cyclase (less cAMP production). Gi mediated.

78
Q

Prejunctional alpha 2 receptor inhibition

A

Inhibts adrenergic and cholinergic postgang neurons to prevent further transmitter release

79
Q

Where are postjunctional alpha 2 receptors primarily found?

A

CNS

80
Q

Beta 1 receptor mediated response

A

Excitatory responses due to ISO, EPI, NE. Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on myocardium and renin release.

81
Q

Beta 2 receptor mediated response

A

Inhibitory responses due to ISO, EPI, NE. includes relaxation of smooth muscle and maybe some metabolic responses. (increased Ca into SR and phosph of MLCK for smooth muscle relaxation)

82
Q

Beta 3 receptor mediated response

A

Metabolic response due to ISO, Epi, NE is lipolysis

83
Q

Stimulation of this receptor activates adenylate cyclase

A

Stimulation of beta receptors (Gs mediated)

84
Q

Beta 1 effects in cardiac muscle

A

Makes more Ca available for contraction and cardiac acceleration

Medical Physiology (8 decks)

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