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Biology unit 3 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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0
Q

What things need to be controlled?

A

Body temperature
Blood glucose levels
Water & ion content
Levels of waste products

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Keeping internal conditions within a narrow range.

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2
Q

What waste products have to be removed from the body in homeostasis?

A

Carbon dioxide & urea

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3
Q

How is carbon dioxide produced and removed?

A

Produced by respiration and removed via lungs when we breathe out.

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4
Q

How is urea produced and removed?

A

Produced by the liver from the breakdown of amino acids and removed by kidneys in urine which is temporarily stored in the bladder.

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5
Q

What enters the body when we eat and drink?

A

Water and ions

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6
Q

What happens if the water or ion content is wrong?

A

too much water may move out or into the cells and damage them.

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7
Q

What is the function of the human kidney?

A

Filter blood, excrete unwanted substances, keep wanted substances.

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8
Q

How does a healthy kidney produce urine?

A
  1. filter the blood
  2. reabsorbing all the sugar
  3. reabsorbing dissolved ions needed by the body
  4. reabsorbing as much water as the body needs
  5. releasing urea, excess ions and water as urine.
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9
Q

What are two methods of treating people with kidney failure?

A

Dialysis and kidney transplant

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10
Q

What does dialysis do?

A

Restores the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels.

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11
Q

How often does dialysis need to be carried out?

A

At regular intervals

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12
Q

How does dialysis work?

A

Blood flows between partially permeable membranes.
Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful substances as the blood to ensure they don’t diffuse out of blood.
No urea in dialysis fluid so it diffuse out out blood.
Blood cells and large proteins can’t pass through dialysis membrane

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13
Q

What is a kidney transplant?

A

Diseased kidney replaced with healthy one

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14
Q

What is a problem with kidney transplants?

A

Recipients antibodies may attack the antigens on the donor organ because they recognise them as foreign.

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15
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins on the surface of cells

16
Q

How can rejection be prevented?

A

New kidney must be a good tissue match
Recipient treated with drugs which suppress the immune system (immunosuppressant drugs) however this leaves them vulnerable to common infections

17
Q

What temperature must the human body be kept at and why?

A

37 degrees so that enzymes work efficiently

18
Q

What monitors and controls body temperature and how?

A

the thermoregulatory centre which is situated in the brain and has receptors which detect the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.

19
Q

What to temperature receptors in the skins do?

A

send impulses to the thermoregulatory centre about skin temperature.

20
Q

What effect does sweating have on body temperature?

A

It cools the body down

21
Q

How can water loss be balanced?

A

Taking in more water through food and drink

22
Q

What happens to hair when core temperature is too high?

A

lie flat

23
Q

What happens to blood vessels near skin when core temperature too high?

A

Dilate to increase blood flow through skin capillaries. Energy is transferred by radiation so heat is lost

24
Q

What do sweat glands do when core temperature too high?

A

Release more sweat as it cools the body when it evaporates

25
Q

What happens to blood vessels when core temperature too low?

A

Constrict to decrease blood flow through skin capillaries so less heat is radiated

26
Q

What happens to hairs when core temp too low?

A

Pulled erect to trap insulating layer of air

27
Q

Why do we shiver when core temp too low?

A

Cause muscles to contract quickly so respiration required in which some of the energy released warms blood

28
Q

What monitors and controls blood glucose level?

A

pancreas

29
Q

What happens when glucose level are too high?

A

Pancreas produces insulin hormone
Insulin causes glucose to move from blood to cells
In liver, excess glucose converted to glycogen for storage

30
Q

What is glucagon?

A

hormone

31
Q

What happens when glucose levels too low?

A

Receptors in pancreas detect low level
Pancreas release glucagon
glucagon causes glycogen to be converted into glucose
Glucose released back into blood

32
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

High blood glucose level

33
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas does not produce enough insulin

34
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

A

Injections of insulin

Careful attention to diet and levels of exercise

35
Q

How is type 1 diabetes traditionally treated?

A

Human insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria

36
Q

When must a diabetic inject?

A

before meals

Biology unit 3 (4 decks)

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