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Behavioral Neuroscience > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment

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2
Q

Set point

A

The optimized, desired value in a feedback system

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3
Q

Set zone

A

The optimal range of tolerance in a feedback system

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4
Q

Negative feedback

A

As a system deviates from a set point, the body reduces its activity, allowing for precise control over an internal environment

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5
Q

Allostasis

A

The dynamic regulation of set points depending on specific conditions in the environment (ex: fever)

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6
Q

Endotherms

A

Organisms that generate their own heat energy mainly through metabolism

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7
Q

Exotherms

A

Organisms that get most body heat from the external environment

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8
Q

Where are receptors for thermoregulation?

A

Skin’s surface, body core, pre optic area

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9
Q

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus are involved for behavioral and physiological responses?

A

Medial and lateral nuclei

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10
Q

What are behavioral responses to thermoregulation?

A

Shivering (muscle activity generates heat), Heat seeking/ avoiding behaviors

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11
Q

What are physiological responses to thermoregulation?

A

Constriction/ dilation of blood vessels (increase in surface area allows more heat to dissipate)
Sweating (evaporation cools)
Respiration (blow out hot air)
Thyroid hormone secretes (generates heat by metabolism)
Goosebumps (hairs stand to retain heat)

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12
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules of a solute dissolved in a solvent will move from high to low concentrated areas until a uniform concentration is achieved

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive movement of solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane between solutions of different solute concentrations (low to high) until both sides become equal

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14
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The force that pushes or pulls water across the membrane

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15
Q

Hypovolemic thirst receptors, signal, behavior, response

A

Baroreceptors in major blood vessels
Pressure drop from fluid loss (solutes and solvents)
Inhibits drinking
Slow urine production, blood vessels constrict, increase blood pressure

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16
Q

Osmotic thirst receptors, signal, behavior, response

A

Osmosensory neurons in the brain
Increased saltiness of extracellular fluid
Eat salty foods
Pulls water out of intercellular compartment

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17
Q

Osmotic thirst system

A
  1. Extracellular fluid is too salty
  2. Water is drawn out of cells by osmosis
  3. Loss of intracellular water/ increased salt detected by osmosensory neurons
  4. Induces thirst, dry mouth
  5. Stimulates hypothalamic thirst network to increase drinking
  6. Vasopressin is released from pituitary to slow urine production and constrict blood vessels to preserve blood volume
  7. Aldosterone is released from adrenal glands to stimulate Na absorption and slow the loss of water
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18
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A
  1. Low extracellular volume from body fluid loss stimulates loss of blood volume
  2. Baroreceptors detect blood pressure drop and signals an inability to perfuse organ tissue
  3. The brain activates thirst and salt hunger
  4. The SNS causes arteries to constrict to maintain blood pressure
  5. Heart decreases secretion go atrial natriuretic peptide to increase blood pressure
  6. Pituitary gland increases vasopressin release to constrict blood vessels
  7. Kidneys produce angiotensin II to constrict blood vessels and aldosterone to increase Na absorption
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19
Q

Digestive system

A
  1. Chewing breaks up food and mixes it with saliva
  2. Saliva lubricates food and begins digesting from enzymes in saliva
  3. Swallowing moves food down the esophagus to the stomach
  4. The stomach acts as a storage container and hydrochloric acid in the stomach breaks down food into small particles while pepsin breaks down protein molecules into amino acids
  5. The stomach gradually empties its contents through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum of the small intestine
  6. Most absorption takes place in the small intestine where digestive enzymes from the pancreas and gallbladder break down protein molecules into amino acids and digestive enzymes break down starch and complex sugar molecules into simple sugars
  7. Fats are emulsified (broken down) by bile made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder until it’s released in the duodenum
  8. Most remaining water and electrolytes are absorbed from the waste in the colon and the remainder is ejected
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20
Q

How does the brain use energy?

A

The brain uses only glucose for energy without the need for insulin

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21
Q

How does the body use energy?

A

The body can use glucose or fatty acids for energy with the need for insulin to use glucose

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22
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose with the help of the hormone glucagon

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23
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The process of breaking down fat from adipose storage into fatty acids, glucose, and ketones to be used as fuel under prolonged food deprivation after glycogen stores have been used

24
Q

Where is excess glucose stored?

A

Stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles for short-term usage that’s regulated by insulin

25
Q

Why is losing weight so difficult?

A

When the body’s overall intake decreases the body thinks it’s starving and shuts down basal metabolism over time because not enough calories are being burned (the body eventually stops burning as many calories)

26
Q

What happened to Danny in the Biggest Loser?

A

He lost 239 lbs but after 6 years, he gained back 100 lbs because his metabolic rate was forced to decrease so that he burns many less calories a day

27
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A metabolic disease where insulin fails to induce glucose absorption from the blood

28
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Where the pancreas stops producing insulin

29
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Where tissue sensitivity to insulin is greatly reduced

30
Q

Why is insulin needed?

A

To encourage us to eat by helping glucose transporters import glucose from the blood into cells

31
Q

Cephalic phase of insulin release

A

Increased insulin release in response to seeing, smelling, or tasting food

32
Q

Digestive phase of insulin release

A

Insulin is released when food enters the digestive tract

33
Q

Absorptive phase of insulin release

A

Glucodetectors in the liver signal the pancreas to release even more insulin

34
Q

Glucostatic theory

A

Our brain wishes to maintain a certain level of blood glucose (set point) as a short-term regulator, so an increase in blood glucose concentration results in increased feelings of satiety (when glucose metabolism drops, the hypothalamus signals hunger)

35
Q

Lipostatic theory

A

Long-term regulation of food intake is governed by fatty acid blood concentration from fat metabolism, which tells the brain the current state of fat stores (when stored fat drops, adipose secretes hormones to increase food intake and promote weight gain)

36
Q

Positive incentive theory

A

Humans are driven to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating for reward

37
Q

Lesion to lateral hypothalamus

A

Shows diminished feeding, resulting in anorexia or loss in weight, leads to the assumption that it’s the brain’s hunger center

38
Q

Lesion to ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Shows stimulated feeding, resulting in obesity, leads to the assumption that it’s the brain’s satiety center

39
Q

What is an ob/ob mouse?

A

Mice that were naturally obese because of an ob/ob gene that encodes for leptin telling the brain that fat reserves are normal to maintain weight

40
Q

What was the parabiosis experiment?

A

The blood supply from one ob/ob mouse and one normal mouse to reduce obesity by leptin in the blood

41
Q

Leptin

A

The ob protein made by adipocytes and travels to the brain to regulate neural circuits in fat regulation

42
Q

Why can’t leptin work as obesity treatment?

A

The obese already have a lot of leptin in the blood, the leptin signal is just desensitized, so there’s less feeding regulation

43
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

A structure in the hypothalamus with circuits key in integrating peptide hormone signals from the body

44
Q

Short-term energy balance

A

The presence or absence of food in the gut is reported to the brain by digestive hormones

45
Q

POMC neurons

A

Act as satiety neurons that inhibit appetite, feeding behavior, and increases metabolism by increasing thyroid hormone

46
Q

NPY neurons

A

Act as hunger neurons that stimulate feeding behavior and reducing metabolism by decreasing thyroid hormone

47
Q

Where does POMC neurons synapse?

A

Lateral hypothalamus to increase appetite and feeding

48
Q

Where does NPY neurons synapse?

A

Paraventricular hypothalamus to decrease feeding

49
Q

GLP-1

A

Stimulates insulin and blocks ghrelin to slow gastric emptying, feeling full most of the time
Stimulates POMC

50
Q

Leptin release at POMC and NPY

A

Stimulates POMC to suppress appetite and inhibits NPY

51
Q

Ghrelin

A

Appetite stimulant that reaches high levels before eating and decreases after
Stimulates NPY

52
Q

PYY 3-36

A

Appetite suppressants that reach high levels after eating
Inhibits NPY

53
Q

Insulin release at NPY

A

Inhibits NPY

54
Q

Where do appetite signals converge?

A

On the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem

55
Q

Gastric distension

A

Mechanoreceptors in the gut tell if we’re full through the vagus nerve to synapse on the nucleus of the solitary tract to inhibit feeding

56
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

CCK; a peptide released in the gut after feeding and acts on the vagus nerve to inhibit appetite

57
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Act directly on the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite

Behavioral Neuroscience (8 decks)

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