Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Structure + Function 1 > homeostasis > Flashcards

homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

The relative constancy of the body

The maintenance of constant conditions in the body’s environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is compensation?

A

the return to homeostasis after being challenged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is decompensation?

A

the failure to compensate, adapt, heal etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the body respond to a change/imbalance?

A

1 Stimulus produces change in variable

  1. Change detected by receptor
  2. Input information sent along afferent pathway to control centre
  3. Output information sent along efferent pathway to effector
  4. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system collaborate with?

A

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Two nerve fibres, connected by a synapse

Stimulates or inhibits a target cell

Regulates the internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  1. Change ininternal environment
  2. Detected by sensory cell
  3. Sensory nerve fiber → Central nervous system
  4. Comparison - what should it be
  5. Altered impulse frequency
  6. Motor nerve fiber (peripheral nervous system) →Effector
  7. Changed internal environment - back to normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

e.g. oxytocin during child birth - increases away from normal, change increases change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of negative feedback

A
  • temperature control
  • water balance
  • ph of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does homeostasis relate to tissues and cells?

A

Homeostatic mechanisms are responsible for maintaining optimal tissue function and cellular turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What signals dermal blood vessels to dilate, and sweat glands to secrete, when body temperature rises above normal?

A

autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does body detect to regulate water in the body?

A

Osmolarity of plasma and interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the receptors called which detect plasma osmolarity?

A

Osmoreceptors (in hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are osmoreceptors?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe what happens in homeostasis when an animal is dehydrated

A
  1. Stimulus disrupts osmo homeostasis

e.g sweating

  1. Osmolarity of plasma and interstitial fluid increased
  2. Detected by osmoreceptors of hypothalamus
  3. Nerve impulses to hypothalamus and posterior pituitary glands, releases more ADH
  4. ADH increases permeability to water of cells in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
  5. More water reabsorbed into blood
  6. Decreases plasma osmolarity
  7. Return to homeostasis when plasma osmolarity decreases to normal
17
Q

How is homeostasis achieved when calcium levels in the blood are too high?

A

Thyroid gland releases calcitonin

Increases Ca deposition in bones

Decreases uptake in kidneys

18
Q

How is homeostasis achieved when calcium levels in the blood are too low?

A

Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone

Increases Ca uptake in intestines - more Ca channels in gut lumen

Increases Ca uptake in kidney

Stimulates Ca release from bones

19
Q

what are the 2 types of cell death?

A
  • necrosis
  • apoptosis
20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

21
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death in response to injury/illness

22
Q

What does a cell undergoing necrosis look like?

A

swells

23
Q

Is necrosis reversible?

A

yes, but it comes to a point where it then become irreversible

24
Q

What happens to necrotic cell contents?

A

Once cell disintegrates, enzymes digest contents

25
Q

What does a cell undergoing apoptosis look like?

A

Shrinks, then splits into parts

26
Q

What are the stages of apoptosis?

A
  1. Normal cell
  2. Condensation
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Apotpic bodies
27
Q

what is an apoptotic inducer?

A

+ATP

28
Q

what is always activated in apoptosis and not always in necrosis?

A

caspases

29
Q

in tissue reneweal. where are intestinal stem cells found?

A

In the crypts between villi - CBCs

( crypt based columnar cells )

30
Q

What are CBCs?

A

Crypt Base Columnar Cells

31
Q

What is the +4 region

A

Barrier between TA zone and Crypt Base Columnar Cells

32
Q

misfolding of disease-causing rpoteins results in what?

A

disruption of protein homeostasis

33
Q

What is the function of chaperone proteins?

A

Assist in the correct folding of proteins and prevent the formation of toxic oligomeric species

34
Q

What does increasing the expression of chaperone proteins do?

A

Enhances the ability of cells to maintain protein homeostasis even in the presence of aggregation-prone proteins

35
Q

When do monomers of misfolded proteins become toxic?

A

When they form oligomers/fibrils, then matter aggregates.

36
Q

When they form oligomers/fibrils, then matter aggregates.

A

Molecular damage

Energy dysregulation

Glial/immune alterations

Neurodegeneration

Structure + Function 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions