Holistic Nurse Theorists from nursing-theory.org Flashcards
Which Theorist?
Nursing in the Science of Unitary Human Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing, which involves using the science of nursing creatively to help better the life of the patient.
Martha E. Rogers
Which Theorist?
_____’s Philosophy and Science of Caring addresses how nurses express care to their patients. Caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. She believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing.
Jean Watson
Which Theorist?
This grand theory of nursing claims that every person in every situation, regardless of how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness, which is a process of becoming more of oneself, finding greater meaning in life, and of reaching new dimensions of connectedness with other people and the world.
Margaret A. Newman
Which Theorist?
In this model, the role of the nurse is to serve people._____’s also proposes noninvasive modalities for nursing, such as therapeutic touch, humor, music, meditation and guided imagery, and even the use of color. The interventions of nurses are meant to coordinate the rhythm between the human and environmental fields, help the patient in the process of change, and to help patients move toward better health. The practice of nursing, according to _____’s, should be focused on pain management, and supportive psychotherapy for rehabilitation.
Martha E. Rogers
Which Theorist?
According to _____ , caring, which is manifested in nursing, has existed in every society. However, a caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation. Instead, it’s transmitted by the culture of the nursing profession as a unique way of coping with its environment.
Jean Watson
Which Theorist?
In this theory, the role of the nurse is to use the patient’s environment to help him or her recover and get back to the usual environment. The reason the patient’s environment is important is because it can affect his or her health in a positive or negative way. Some environmental factors affecting health according to ________’s theory are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food and appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light or direct sunlight. If any of these factors is lacking, it can delay the patient’s recovery. ________ also emphasized providing a quiet, warm environment for patients to recover in. The theory also calls for nurses to assess a patient’s dietary needs, document food intake times, and evaluate how the patient’s diet affects his or her health and recovery.
Florence Nightingale
Which Theorist?
_____’s theory has four major concepts: human being, health, environment/society, and nursing. The human being is defined as “…a valued person in and of him or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. He, human is viewed as greater than and different from, the sum of his or her parts.” A human’s health includes a high level of overall physical, mental, and social function; a general adaptive-maintenance level of daily function; and the absence of illness or the process of efforts that will lead to an absence of illness.
Jean Watson
Which Theorist?
The initial idea for ______’s Health as Expanding Consciousness Theory came together as a result of an invitation to speak at a conference on nursing in 1978. It stems from ______’s Theory of Unitary Human Beings. It was stimulated by concern for those for whom the absence of disease or disability is not possible. ______ was also influenced by Bentov’s concept of the evolution of consciousness, Young’s Theory of Process, and Bohm’s Theory of Implicate.
Margaret A. Newman
Which Theorist?
______ is attributed with establishing the modern practice of nursing. She also contributed to the field with nursing theories still used today. One of her nursing theories is the Environmental Theory, which incorporates the patients’ surrounding environment in his or her nursing care plan.
Florence Nightingale
Which Theorist?
The Transcultural Nursing theory first appeared in _______’s Culture Care Diversity and Universality, published in 1991, but it was developed in the 1950s. The theory was further developed in her book Transcultural Nursing, which was published in 1995. In the third edition of Transcultural Nursing, published in 2002, the theory-based research and the application of the Transcultural theory are explained.
Madeleine Leininger
Which Theorist?
Within assisting with the gratification of human needs, _____ orders the needs. Lower-order biophysical needs include food and fluid, elimination, and ventilation. Lower-order psychophysical needs include activity-inactivity and sexuality. Higher-order psychosocial needs include achievement, affiliation, intrapersonal-interpersonal need, and self-actualization.
Jean Watson
Which Theorist?
Patients are considered “unitary human beings,” who cannot be divided into parts, but have to be looked at as a whole. According to _____’s model, patients have the capacity to participate knowingly in the process of change. The environment is also irreducible, and coexists with unitary human beings. In this model, humans are viewed as integral with the universe. That is, the patient and his or her environment are one.
Martha E. Rogers
Which Theorist?
_____’s nursing process parallels the scientific research process. The first step is assessment. This involves observation, identification and review of the problem, and the formulation of a hypothesis. Next, the nurse creates a care plan to determine how variables will be examined, as well as what data should be collected and how. Step three is intervention. This is the implementation of the developed plan and includes the collection of the data. Finally, the nurse conducts an evaluation. This is the examination of the data and results of the intervention, and the interpretation of the results. This may lead to an additional hypothesis.
Jean Watson
Which Theorist?
In transcultural nursing, nurses practice according to the patient’s cultural considerations. It begins with a culturalogical assessment, which takes the patient’s cultural background into consideration in assessing the patient and his or her health. Once the assessment is complete, the nurse should use the culturalogical assessment to create a nursing care plan that also takes the patient’s cultural background into consideration.
Madeleine Leininger
Which Theorist?
______’s theory makes six assumptions. They are:
- Health encompasses conditions heretofore described as illness, or, in medical terms, pathology.
- These pathological conditions can be considered a manifestation of the total pattern of the individual patient.
- The pattern of the individual patient that eventually manifests itself as pathology is primary, and exists prior to structural or functional changes.
- Removal of the pathology in itself will not change the pattern of the individual patient.
- If becoming ill is the only way an individual patient’s pattern can manifest itself, then that is health for that individual patient.
- Health is an expansion of the consciousness.
Margaret A. Newman
