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BRS Anatomy > HNS 1 > Flashcards

HNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Label the following

A

A- Parietal bone

B- Frontal Bone

C- Sphenoid bone

D- Zygomatic Bone

E- Mandible

F- Temporal Bone

G- Occipital bone

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2
Q

label the following

A

A- Anterior fonatelle

B- Sagital Suture

C- Bregma

D- Coronal Suture

E- Metopic suture

F- Naison

G- Pterion

H- Squamous suture

I- Asterion

J- Posterior Fonatelle

K- Lambda

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3
Q

Label the following

A

A- Anterior Cranial Fossa

B- Medial Cranial Fossa

C- Posterior Cranial Fossa

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4
Q

Label The Following

A

Anterior Fonatelle

soft spot on babies head

Unfused bone

Closes up 18-24 months

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5
Q

Label the following

A

A- cribiform plate- part of ethmoid bone and where olfactory nerve passes through

B- Optic canal- optic nerve, opthalmic artery

C- Superior orbital fissure- opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, occularmotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent neve, superior opthalmic vein (CN V1, 3, 4, 6)

D- Foramen rotundum- maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

E- Foramen Ovale- mandibular division of trigeminal passes through here

F- Foramen spinosum- middle meningeal artery passes through here

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6
Q

Label the following

A

A- Internal acoustic meatus- cranial nerves 7 and 8 pass through here

B- Jugular foramen- CN 9, 10, 11 pass through here

C- Hyperglossal canal- CN 12

D- Foramen magnum- spinal chord and brainstem come together here

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7
Q

Label the following

A

A- Coronal (fronta plane)

B- Horizital (transverse)

C- Saggital (middle of brain)

D- Midsaggital (middle of body)

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8
Q

Label the following

A

A- Frontal Lobe

B- Parietal Lobe

C- Occipital Lobe

D- Temporal Lobe

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9
Q

Label the following

A

A- primary motor area

B- primary sensory area

C- sensory motor and sensory area

D- posteriro speach area (Wernike’s area)

E- Secorndary visual area

F- primary visual area

G- secondary auditory area

H- primary audit area

I- anterior speach area (Broca’s area)

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater- thick inelastic

Arachnoid mater- elastic, spider-like projections

Pia Mater- innermost, thin, delicate

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11
Q

What is the role of the meninges?

A

stabilize and protect the brain

form the sinuses - how venous blood criculates through cranial cavity

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12
Q

What is the outer surface of the brain seen in the dissection room and why?

A

collapsed arachnoid mater

because CSF has drained away

pia is beneath it when you peel away the archnoid

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13
Q

What 2 layers is the dura mater divided into?

A

Periosteal- closer to skull

Meningeal- closer to arachnoid mater

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14
Q

What do the 2 layers of the dura mater come together to form?

A

Falx cerebri

Divides the 2 hemespheres of the brain

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15
Q

Whats the largest venous sinus in the brain?

A

Superior saggital sinus

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16
Q

How do the meninges change when they come out of the foramen magnum?

A

Forms extra dural space between dura mater and vertebral column- the spinal dural space

This is where extradural or epidural anesthesia is administered

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17
Q

What is found between unfused periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater?

A

Dural venous sinus

18
Q

What space is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

19
Q

What space is found between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

This is where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates

20
Q

What divides the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

Provides structure and support for the brain and stops it moving too much

21
Q

What is the most significant bood vessel that supplies the meninges?

A

Middle meningeal artery

Branches of the maxillary artery

22
Q

What supplies blood to the brain and where do they enter the cranial cavity?

A

Internal carotid arteries (80%) - enter at carotid canal

vertebral arteries (20%) - enter at foramen magnum

They form the circle of willis at base of brain

23
Q

Label the following

A
24
Q

What does the anterior communicating artery supply?

A

Middle and superior parts of frontal lobe and anterior parietal lobe

25
Q

What does the posterior communication artery supply?

A

Supplies medial thalamic surface and walls of 3rd ventricle

26
Q

What deos the basilar artery supply?

A

Directly supplies the brainstem and cerebellum and provides distal flow to thalami and medial temporal and parietal lobes

27
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply?

A

Supplies posterior fossa and occipital lobes and provides vertebral column blood supply

28
Q

What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply

A

Provides blood flow to cerebellum

29
Q

If blockage of CSF did occur what would be seen on a brain scan and why

A

Enlarged ventricles

because they are unable to drain CSF so fluid would accumlate in them causing hydrocephalus

30
Q

What is an extra-dural haematoma?

A

Cuased by arterial damage- tearing of branches of middle meningeal artery

Blood collects between periosteal layer and calvaria

Typically occurs in region of pterion

31
Q

What is a subdural haematoma?

A

Results from venous bleeding, usually from torn cerebral veins where they enter superior sagital sinus.

Bleeing is below the dura mater between the arachnoid mater and dura mater

32
Q

What do the venous sinuses drain in to?

A

Internal jugular vein

33
Q

Label the following

A
34
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

Skin

Connective tissue (dense)- contains arteries, veins and nerves supplying scalp. When scalp is cut, dense connective tissue holds cut vessels open- perfuse bleeding

Aponeurotic layer

Loose connective tissue- facilitates movement of scalp over calvaria. Infections tend to localise and spread through here

Pericranium- periosteum on outer surfce of calvaria

35
Q

What arteries supply the scalp?

A

Branches of external carotid artery or opthalmic artery (a branch of internal carotid artery)

36
Q

What occurs if there is a lasceration to the scalp?

A

The scalp has extremely rich blood supply from external carotid artery so lascerations tend to bleed profusely.

If lasceration damages loose connective tissue, infection can easily spread in this layer.

Emissery vein can spread infection from scalp into cranial cavity

37
Q

What is the anatomical course of the olfactory nerve?

A

Sense of smell detected by olfactory nerve receptors in nasal epithelium

Thier axons form olfactory nerves which enter intra-cranial cavity by passing through cribiform plate in ethmoid bone

Sensory information reaches primary olfactory cortex in temperal lobe of brain

38
Q

How do you test the olfactory nerve?

A
  1. Ask patient if theyve had noticible changes to sense of smell
  2. Test each nostril seperately with stong smell e.g. mint or vanilla

Patient’s eyes should be shut

39
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Pupillary light reflex- controls size of pupils in response to change in lght strength

Each pupillary light reflex has afferent limb (optic nerve) and 2 efferent limbs (parasympathetic fibres)

40
Q

What is the anatomical course of the optic nerve?

A
  1. Light travel throughs pupil and turned into impulse by rods and cones
  2. Impulses are transmitted from retina through intra-cranial cavity to the brain by optic nerve through optic canal
  3. Impulses pass through visual pathway to the primary visual cortex
41
Q

What is the course of the pupillary light reflex?

A

Optic nerve sends sensory impulases to mid brain nuclei to trigger motor impulses through parasympathetic axons runing along occularmotor neve to innervate pupillary sphincter muscle causing pupil contraction

42
Q

How is the optic nerve tested?

A
  1. ask patient to stare at distant tager
  2. Inspect pupils
  3. Shine one eye with pen light and look for pupil constriction
  4. Take light away
  5. Shin light into same eye and look for constriction in contralateral eye

BRS Anatomy (4 decks)

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