HMP SHUNT Flashcards

1
Q

What is HMP shunt?

A

Serves as an alternative path for glucose and G-6-P is shunted away from glycolysis

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2
Q

Where is the HMP shunt located?

A

Lactating mammary glands, liver, adrenal cortex, RBCs

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3
Q

What are the other names for HMP shunt?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway or 6 phosphogluconate pathway

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4
Q

Where does this pathway take place?

A

Cytosol

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5
Q

Oxidative reactions are ___ and ____

A

Irreversible and Rate limiting

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6
Q

Non-oxidative reactions are ___

A

Reversible

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7
Q

Which substrates are oxidative?

A

G-6-P, (6) Phosphogluconolactone, (6) Phosphogluconate

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8
Q

Which substrates are non-oxidative?

A

From Ribulose-5-P to Erythrose + Fructose

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9
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

Which 2 points in the reaction produces NADPH?

A

G-6-P–> (6) Phosphogluconolactone
(6) Phosphogluconate —> Ribulose-5-P

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11
Q

What is glutathione ?

A

An antioxidant that reduced toxic H2O2

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12
Q

What is the function of Ribose-5-phosphate?

A

For nucleotide synthesis

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13
Q

State the functions of NADPH

A

-Detoxification of hydrophobic drugs
-Synthesis of steroids, cholesterol, fatty acids
-Regeneration of Glutathione reduction
-Maintains cell membrane’s integrity by destroying H2O2
-Nitric oxide synthesis from arginine using nitric oxide synthase
-phagocytosis

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14
Q

What is the role of TPP?

A

Transketolase activity requires thiamine to work

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15
Q

Which substrate is converted to Ribulose-5-phosphate?

A

(6) phosphogluconate

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16
Q

What does Ribulose-5-Phosphate break down into and by what enzyme?

A

xyulose-5-p –> Epimerase and ribose-5-p—> isomerase

17
Q

What does xyulose-5-p and ribose-5-p break down into and by what enzyme?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P and Sedoheptulose-7-P
transketolase

18
Q

What does Glyceraldehyde-3-P and Sedoheptulose-7-P break down into and by what enzyme?

A

Erythrose-4-P and Fructose-6-P
transaldolase

19
Q

What does erythrose-4-p and xyulose-5-p break down into and by what enzyme?

A

Fructose-6-P and Glyceraldehyde-3-P
transketolase

20
Q

Compare Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and Pyruvate Kinase Dehydrogenase deficiency (hemolytic anemia)

A

G-6-PDH :
-Decrease in NADPH (decreased GSH) in RBCs leads to hemolytic anemia because the RBCs can’t fight against the oxidants
-Oxidizing agents: fava beans, drugs, infections
-X-linked recessive (affects more males)
-Denatured globins becomes Heinz bodies and when macrophages sense these foreign bodies on the RBCs they remove them producing—> Bite cells
-Normal 2,3-BPG

Pyruvate Kinase deficiency:
-increased 2,3-BPG
-Autosomal recessive
-Decreased ATP
-No heinz bodies or bite cells

21
Q

What are the thiamine dependent enzymes?
(Mnemonic: Be APT)

A

Branched chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Transketolase

22
Q

What is the difference between NADH and NADPH?

A

NADPH is not used for oxidative phosphorylation
NADH is used for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP

23
Q

How much ATP is created from NADPH?

A

Zero

24
Q

What is the role of NADPH in the regeneration of glutathione?

A

NADPH is made from Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase and it converts GSSG (oxidized form) to 2 GSH (reduced form) via Glutathione reductase

25
Q

What is the role of 2 GSH in the regeneration of glutathione?

A

It helps Glutathione peroxidase to break down toxic H2O2 to H2O

26
Q

What do fava beans cause?

A

Causes release of oxidants

27
Q

Describe the process of Respiratory Burst

A

When we breath, we inhale O2.
-O2 converts to O2- (superoxide) —> NADPH oxidase
(NADPH—> NADP+)
-The superoxide then converts to H2O2 —> Superoxide dismutase
Cl- gets added
-The Cl- + H2O2= HOCL-
This breaks down bacteria

28
Q

What happens if there’s a deficiency of NADPH oxidase?

A

-Bacteria would not be able to be destroyed because O2 cannot become O2-
-Recurrent infections will occur via catalase positive organisms
-Causes Chronic granulomatous disease

29
Q

Is NADPH oxidase deficiency autosomal or X-linked recessive?

A

(both) Autosomal recessive/ X-linked recessive

30
Q

Which test is used for NADPH oxidase deficiency and how to know if it is a positive or negative test?

A
  • Diagnosis: Nitroblue tetrazdium test (NBT) (redox dye)
    -Positive: Normal (blue)
    -Negative: no color change