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Biochemistry > Fatty Acid Synthesis > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues does fatty acid synthesis occur in?

A

Liver and lactating mammary glands, kidney, brain, lung, adipose tissue

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2
Q

Where is the cellular location of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Cytosol and extramitochondrial system (acetyl coa)

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3
Q

What is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

What is the first step of fatty acid synthesis and where does this take place?

A

Citrate and mitochondria

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5
Q

____ is the immediate substrate and free ____ is the end product

A

Acetyl CoA and Palmitate

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6
Q

List the cofactors required for fatty acid synthesis

A

NADPH, ATP, Manganese, biotin and HCO3-

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7
Q

Since Acetyl CoA cannot leave the mitochondria, what happens?

A

It gets converted to citrate and citrate leaves the cell and becomes OAA and Acetyl CoA by citrate lyase

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8
Q

Once in the cytosol Acetyl CoA converts to ____ by ____ enzyme

A

Malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA carboxylase

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9
Q

What is the most important cofactor used in the second step of fatty acid synthesis? (up-regulation)

A

Biotin

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10
Q

Name the two regulatory enzymes of fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase

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11
Q

What are the allosteric modifications of Acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Activated: Citrate
Inhibited : Long chain fatty acid (eg: palmitoyl CoA)

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12
Q

What is the active and inactive form of FA?

A

Active form: Polymer
Inactive form: Dimer (protomer)

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13
Q

When does FA synthesis occur?

A

During fed state, when blood glucose levels are elevated

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14
Q

What is malonyl CoA converted to and by what enzyme?

A

Palmitate and FA synthase complex

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15
Q

Which vitamin is required for FA synthase?

A

B5

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting enzymes of FA synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

17
Q

Which hormone promotes FA synthesis and by what mechanism?

A

Insulin. It dephosphorylates (activates)

18
Q

Which hormone decreases FA synthesis?

A

Glucagon/ Epinephrine

19
Q

Describe the long term regulation of FA synthesis

A

high carb diet—> activates Acetyl CoA carboxylase and FA synthase—> high glucose in blood—> Insulin released—-> Stimulates SREBP (sterol response element binding protein-1)

20
Q

What is desaturation?

A

Formation of a double bond in fatty acids–> saturated FA gives rise to unsaturated FA

21
Q

Where does desaturation occur?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

What happens during desaturation?

A

Stearic acid (18 carbon saturated FA) converts to Oleic acid (18 carbon unsaturated FA with one double bond) and Palmitic acid (16 carbon saturated FA) is converted to Palmitoleic acid (16 c unsat. FA with one double bond)

23
Q

What does Stearic acid convert to?

A

Oleic acid and Palmitic acid

24
Q

What does oleic acid and Palmitic acid convert to?

A

Palmitoleic acid

25
Q

Which is the enzyme involved in desaturation?

A

Desaturases

26
Q

What the major organs for TAG synthesis?

A

Liver, Adipose tissues and lactating mammary glands

27
Q

What are the components required for TAG synthesis?

A

Acyl CoA and Glycerol-3-phosphate in liver and adipose tissue

28
Q

What are the sources of FA?

A

1) Liver- de novo synthesis
2) Adipose tissue: TAG present in two lipoproteins : Chylomicron (source of FA from diet) and Very low density lipoprotein (source of FA from liver)

29
Q

What all can produce Acetyl Coa?

A

Pyruvate, ketogenic amino acids, fatty acid oxidation and alcohol metabolism

30
Q

What are the sources of NADPH??

A

HMP shunt, malic enzyme and cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase

31
Q

Which pathway is the main source of H+ required for the reductive synthesis of fatty acids?

A

HMP shunt

32
Q

Steps of FA synthesis after activation

A

1) Condensation
2) Reduction
3) Dehydration
4) Reduction

33
Q

Glycerol-3-P + 3 FA CoA —–> ? and how is it transported from the liver to adipose tissue?

A

Triglyceride —> transported via VLDL

34
Q

Which hormone stimulates TAG synthesis?

A

Insulin

35
Q

What synthesizes VLDL and acts as a secondary messenger?

A

Glycerophospholipids

36
Q

What is the importance of lecithin?

A

Lung—> surfactant

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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